Medicine Through Time, c1250-Present Flashcards
What is an illness or disease?
A series of effects or symptoms caused by a type of pathogen.
How do we become ill?
When a harmful pathogen enters the body and damages the cells.
Who was Hippocrates?
A Greek doctor who looked for obvious rational ideas as to why people suffered with disease.
What did Hippocrates do?
He carefully observed his patients and noticed that humans contained 4 different humours. He believed when a person’s humours were imbalances they become ill.
What were the four different humours?
Blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm. They were linked to weather seasons as often a sick person would have symptoms that linked to one of these.
How was an imbalance of the humours treated?
Bringing the humours back into balance by purging.
How were Hippocrates ideas’ received?
His ideas spread quickly and was widely accepted. He always encouraged doctors to observe the patient first, this is called clinical observation. As a result today doctors can still take the Hippocratic Oath to observe and care for their patients. His works were widely used and read.
Who was Claudius Galen?
A Greek doctor who worked and lived in Ancient Rome, 500 years after Hippocrates.
What did Galen do?
The studied the work of Hippocrates and built on his ideas of the four humours.
What did Galen believe?
That each humour could be balanced by doing the opposite - the Theory of Opposites.
Other than studying illness, what else did Galen do?
He was a gladiator doctor and was experienced in basic surgery and took a keen interest in studying the anatomy. Although due to religious beliefs about the soul he had to use animals which created lots of errors.
How did Galen’s work survive?
He passed his knowledge into the future generation and wrote over 250 books on medicine and the anatomy which still would have been used in medical schools until the 1500s.
Why were Galen’s ideas accepted?
As he believed in one God.
What were medical ideas predominantly linked to in the Middle Ages?
Religion or superstition. However, there were some rational explanations.
What was the most common rational idea?
The miasmas caused disease - that fifth poisoned the air.
In the Middle Ages, what did some doctors use to try to diagnose disease?
Urine colour, they did not believe it caused disease though.
What supernatural beliefs did any belief affected a persons health and body?
The positions of the stars and the planets.
Other than urine charts, how else did doctors try to diagnose disease?
Physicians studied the stars (astrology) and used Zodiac charts that link specific parts of the body to different star signs and planets to diagnose and treat the patient.
In the Middle Ages, who was believed to have supernatural powers?
Other believed that the King had special powers to heal the sick. The king would rub holy oil on his hands which would allow him to cure illness.
What was King Edward famous for?
He would touch over 200 scrofula and tb suffers a year during his reign (1272-1307).
What would people wear to try to treat illness?
Lucky charms or amulets.
How important was religion in medieval England?
Middle ages Britain was densely Christian and the church held great power and influence over all aspects of life.
Who did some people believe send disease?
God as a punishment for sinful behaviour.
How did people try to prevent God sending disease?
Lighting candles in church as an offering to God, praying, fasting, going on pilgrimage or punishing themselves (flagellants).