Medicine Through Time Flashcards
What surgical procedures were performed in the ancient world
Basic surgery including setting broken bones nose surgery amputations and removing tumours
Who was Galen
Developed a knowledge of anatomy by dissecting animals prove that the brain controls the body by dissecting a pig also developed four humours theory
Who was James Simpson
Discovered the use of chloroform as an anaesthetic 1847
campaigned for increase use of anaesthetic in surgery and childbirth
Queen Victoria used is one of his patient
Who was Joseph lister ?
Used carbonic acid spray as an antiseptic during surgery in order to kill The germs in the air (1865 to 67) this cut his post operation mortality rate to 5%
What is an anaesthetic
form of pain relief
Who discovered blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner in 1901
This was important because it made blood transfusions much more effective
Who was Robert Liston?
The first European surgeon to use anaesthetics during an operation a well-known speed surgeon famous the managing to kill three people in one operation to due to infection and blood poisoning
Who was Archibald Mcindoe
A surgeon who pioneered reconstructive surgery during World War II to rebuild the faces of soldiers, especially pilots who were burnt by aviation fluid
What is carbolic used for?
It was used during the 19th century to kill bacteria during surgery
What was the guinea pig club?
A group of men helped by Mcindoe And his team of plastic surgeons – they have a lot of respect for him
What is chloroform?
The first effective anaesthetic to be used regularly – it was discovered by James Simpson 1847
Who was Andreas Vesalius
Drew first accurate pictures of body publish book that correct Galens earlier mistakes on anatomy – “the fabric of the human body” Led to further research and understanding of human body
Who was William Harvey?
Discovered an proved that the heart works like a pump. Worked out the bloody circulated around the body. Published his findings
How did prehistoric people learn about anatomy?
Through hunting – we know Through cave paintings that they knew how the heart was important and where to find it
What is trepanning?
Prehistoric practice of removing part of the skull to release evil spirits
How was blood loss stopped before pare’s ligature?
Cauterisation – red hot metal poker would seal the wound shut. This was very painful and often led infection
How did ancient Egyptians find out about the body?
Through mummification- The religious practice of preparing the body for the afterlife which involved removing the vital organs
What are the three barriers to successful surgery?
- Pain
- Blood loss
- Infection
Who perform surgery during the middle ages?
A barber surgeon – often actual barbers or Butchers who performed simple surgeries such as amputations and bleeding
Three surgical advances made possible by 20th century war?
Blood transfusions (World War I) increases of x-rays (World War I) plastic surgery (skin graft during World War I reconstructive surgery during World War II)
Who was Semmelweiss?
He worked out that washing before medical procedure reduced the risk of infection. He reduced death rates in his hospital by forcing cleanliness in medical students before they examined patient
Who was Ambroise Pare?
Develop new ways of dealing with battlefield wounds including a mixture of rose oil eggs and turpentine.
Introduced ligatures as they are less painful way of sealing severed blood vessels
What is an antiseptic ?
A way of fighting infection by killing bacteria
When was the first transplant?
It was a heart transplant by Christian Barnard in 1967 South Africa
The first heart and lung transplant was in 1980
Who was Christian Barnard?
A South African heart surgeon who carried out the worlds first heart transplant in 1967. Patient later dies, but much had been learned from operation
Who was Helmuth Wesse?
He developed the first anaesthetic that could be injected straight into the bloodstream, make it much easier to control doses
Who was Marie Curie?
She developed the first x-ray technology and discovered that radium could be used to diagnose and treat cancer. She is the only woman to win 2 Nobel prizes
Free factors which helped surgery developed in the 20th
- War
- Science and technology
- individuals
What is aseptic surgery?
The removal of all germs from operating theatre – this is how modern surgery takes place, in sterile theatres
What is anatomy?
The study of the human body and how it works
What is a ligature ?
A way of stopping blood loss from severed artery or vein during surgery by tying it off with a thread
What is a transfusion?
Giving blood from one person to another when a patient has suffered severe blood loss
Why was ether not an effective painkiller?
It did not always knock the patient out completely. It cause nausea and cause irritation to the eyes, nose and throat
What was Vesalius’s book of human drawing called?
The fabric of the human body.
Published in 1543
Muslim doctors performed which complex surgeries during the Middle Ages?
The first recorded Caesarean sections and Cataracts removal
