Medicine Through Time Flashcards
What did Hippocrates believe?
He believed in not praying to God but finding bodily cures.
Explain four humours?
You have four humours that go out of balance have to purge or bleed.
Explain Hippocratic oath
A doctor should do their patient no harm and work to preserve their life.
Hoe did Galen cone up with his concepts about the human body?
He directed animals and some humans
Who were the rich medieval treated by?
Physicians trained in the ideas of Galen.
Who were poor medieval people treated by?
Untrained apothecaries and monks who gave out herbal and folk recipes.
What year was the Black Death?
1348
What were the causes of the Black Death?
Overcrowding, poor living conditions, and poor public health.
What did people think caused the Black Death?
God, over eating and drinking, evil spirits.
What progress was made during the medieval period?
No progress was made. Medicine was still based on the ideas of the church Hippocrates and Galen.
What happened to the churches support in the Renaissance period?
It loosened.
What made communication of new ideas more efficient and effective?
The invention of the printing press.
What are bezar stones?
Stones from the inside of goats that were believed to cure all poisoning.
What did Paré do?
He began to challenge old ideas using a scientific approach.
How did was progress made on the battle field?
They replaced hot oil on wounds to sewing up veins and rosewater.
What did Harvey learn about the heart?
That it pumped blood, and blood was not just produced in the liver and then burned in the muscles.
What year was the Great Plague?
1664
How was the approach to cure the plague different to the Black Death?
There was a more scientific approach.
How was the approach to prevent the plague different to the Black Death?
It was more planned out, and for example there government issued orders.
What steps were taken to improve public health during the plague?
Fires were lit to cleanse air, public gatherings were cancelled, people were made to clean there property.
What progress was made during thew renaissance?
New medical books were available, surgical methods were improved, anatomy understood.
Why was progress in there renaissance period limited?
The new information didn’t impact treatment much and poor people were not effected.
What happened in public health in there industrial period?
The higher classes and doctors came to have more interest in the health of the masses.
How did Jenner find the cure for smallpox?
He observed scientifically that milkmaids who had had cowpox never developed smallpox.
Why were Jenners discoveries attacked?
People were scared that they would turn into cows, nobody understood why the vaccine worked.
What happened with public health during industry era?
It improved since doctors and wealthy patrons started to open hospitals. People could train there.
What happened to number of doctors during this period?
It greatly increased since there was more training available.
What happened to the number of strange remedies and purging?
They started to be ignored as doctors had more hands on experience.
What did Louis Pasteurs germ theory state?
Disease was caused by germs, germs were not caused bt disease.
What did Joseph Lister do?
He used carboxylic acid to sterilise operating theatres and surgeons. It had limited impact because of no anaesthetics.
What did most industrial age people still believe?
Miasma caused disease.
What did William Farr and Edwin Chadwick work to prove?
That there was a link between poverty and disease .
What caused politicians to take action and improve public health?
1858, the great stink brought the effects of unsanitary condition to the politicians.
What did the 1887 voting act (giving vote to more men) do for public health?
It meant the the government could no longer take a lasses faire approach.
What did the industrial government do for public health?
They made parks in cities, improved housing, built sewer systems, public health acts.
What did the 1848 public health act do?
It recommended steps local government could take to improve health.
What did the 1875 public health act do?
Enforced the recommendation made in 1848.
What did the 1884 public health act state and the 1875 health act enforce?
Improved drainage and sewers, removal rubbish from houses and streets, clean supply of drinking water, medical officer in each town.
What did Marie Curie do for medicine?
She helped develop X-ray using radioactive material, although she did not know the dangers.
What did WWI do for medicine?
It advanced it as doctors were forced to innovate and try to treat new kinds of wounds.
What did Harold Gillies do?
He developed plastic surgery.
What did Alex Flemming discover by mistake?
Penicillin growing on one of his old Petri dishes.
Why did Flemmings breakthrough have little impact?
He did not think it important and therefore did not follow it up.
What did Florey and Chain do?
They acted on Flemmings discovery and fought for funding to develop a penicillin that could be mass produced.
What did Crick and Watson do?
Used government funding to discover DNA
Who helped Crick and Watson?
Morris Wlikins and Rosalind Franklin
What year was true NHS created?
1948
Who recommended the NHS was formed?
Bevan and Beverage in a report
How did Versalius disprove Galen?
He proved thinks such as we do not have a split jaw like many other mammals do
How did Paré improve surgery?
He experimented with different treatments such as rose water ands sewing up arteries to see hoe patients reacted differently.
Why were Harveys theory about circulation challenged?
They did not agree with Galen, blood letting was instilled in people ands had even become fashionable.
What does spontaneous generation state?
That life occurs out off nothing.
How did Pasteur use milk to prove his theories?
He was able to prove with a microscope that bacteria made milk go off, it didn’t just go off.
How did Koch prove bacteria existed?
He isolated the bacteria in question and injected them into healthy mice that then got ill.
How did Koch disprove old ideas about bacteria?
He isolated and stained them then photographed them proving that they are not all the same.
How did Pasteur create cholera vaccines?
He injected old bacteria into chickens and saw they got ill but did not die.
How did Pasteur and Koch start the development of vaccines?
They made vaccines for some bacteria, and them gave other scientists the information to do the same for themselves.
At the beginning of the industrial era what were the problems of open surgery?
The pain was unbearable, infection was easy to catch.
What dis chloroform do for surgery and pain relief?
It made open surgery an option and it was the first reliable pain relief.
Who was responsible for the invention of chloroform?
James Simpson in 1847
Who invented antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister building on the germ theory
How was aseptic surgery performed?
Everything including hands and instruments were socked and scrubbed in carboxylic acid
What did Listers discovery lead to?
The scrubbing of hands and arms, sterilising operating theatres, and wearing surgical gowns
When was the germ theory published?
1864
What is a magic bullet?
A chemical that targets a particular microbe and does not harm any other part of the body
