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History > Medicine Through Time > Flashcards

Medicine Through Time Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Hippocrates believe?

A

He believed in not praying to God but finding bodily cures.

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2
Q

Explain four humours?

A

You have four humours that go out of balance have to purge or bleed.

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3
Q

Explain Hippocratic oath

A

A doctor should do their patient no harm and work to preserve their life.

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4
Q

Hoe did Galen cone up with his concepts about the human body?

A

He directed animals and some humans

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5
Q

Who were the rich medieval treated by?

A

Physicians trained in the ideas of Galen.

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6
Q

Who were poor medieval people treated by?

A

Untrained apothecaries and monks who gave out herbal and folk recipes.

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7
Q

What year was the Black Death?

A

1348

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8
Q

What were the causes of the Black Death?

A

Overcrowding, poor living conditions, and poor public health.

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9
Q

What did people think caused the Black Death?

A

God, over eating and drinking, evil spirits.

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10
Q

What progress was made during the medieval period?

A

No progress was made. Medicine was still based on the ideas of the church Hippocrates and Galen.

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11
Q

What happened to the churches support in the Renaissance period?

A

It loosened.

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12
Q

What made communication of new ideas more efficient and effective?

A

The invention of the printing press.

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13
Q

What are bezar stones?

A

Stones from the inside of goats that were believed to cure all poisoning.

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14
Q

What did Paré do?

A

He began to challenge old ideas using a scientific approach.

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15
Q

How did was progress made on the battle field?

A

They replaced hot oil on wounds to sewing up veins and rosewater.

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16
Q

What did Harvey learn about the heart?

A

That it pumped blood, and blood was not just produced in the liver and then burned in the muscles.

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17
Q

What year was the Great Plague?

A

1664

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18
Q

How was the approach to cure the plague different to the Black Death?

A

There was a more scientific approach.

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19
Q

How was the approach to prevent the plague different to the Black Death?

A

It was more planned out, and for example there government issued orders.

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20
Q

What steps were taken to improve public health during the plague?

A

Fires were lit to cleanse air, public gatherings were cancelled, people were made to clean there property.

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21
Q

What progress was made during thew renaissance?

A

New medical books were available, surgical methods were improved, anatomy understood.

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22
Q

Why was progress in there renaissance period limited?

A

The new information didn’t impact treatment much and poor people were not effected.

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23
Q

What happened in public health in there industrial period?

A

The higher classes and doctors came to have more interest in the health of the masses.

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24
Q

How did Jenner find the cure for smallpox?

A

He observed scientifically that milkmaids who had had cowpox never developed smallpox.

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25
Q

Why were Jenners discoveries attacked?

A

People were scared that they would turn into cows, nobody understood why the vaccine worked.

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26
Q

What happened with public health during industry era?

A

It improved since doctors and wealthy patrons started to open hospitals. People could train there.

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27
Q

What happened to number of doctors during this period?

A

It greatly increased since there was more training available.

28
Q

What happened to the number of strange remedies and purging?

A

They started to be ignored as doctors had more hands on experience.

29
Q

What did Louis Pasteurs germ theory state?

A

Disease was caused by germs, germs were not caused bt disease.

30
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

He used carboxylic acid to sterilise operating theatres and surgeons. It had limited impact because of no anaesthetics.

31
Q

What did most industrial age people still believe?

A

Miasma caused disease.

32
Q

What did William Farr and Edwin Chadwick work to prove?

A

That there was a link between poverty and disease .

33
Q

What caused politicians to take action and improve public health?

A

1858, the great stink brought the effects of unsanitary condition to the politicians.

34
Q

What did the 1887 voting act (giving vote to more men) do for public health?

A

It meant the the government could no longer take a lasses faire approach.

35
Q

What did the industrial government do for public health?

A

They made parks in cities, improved housing, built sewer systems, public health acts.

36
Q

What did the 1848 public health act do?

A

It recommended steps local government could take to improve health.

37
Q

What did the 1875 public health act do?

A

Enforced the recommendation made in 1848.

38
Q

What did the 1884 public health act state and the 1875 health act enforce?

A

Improved drainage and sewers, removal rubbish from houses and streets, clean supply of drinking water, medical officer in each town.

39
Q

What did Marie Curie do for medicine?

A

She helped develop X-ray using radioactive material, although she did not know the dangers.

40
Q

What did WWI do for medicine?

A

It advanced it as doctors were forced to innovate and try to treat new kinds of wounds.

41
Q

What did Harold Gillies do?

A

He developed plastic surgery.

42
Q

What did Alex Flemming discover by mistake?

A

Penicillin growing on one of his old Petri dishes.

43
Q

Why did Flemmings breakthrough have little impact?

A

He did not think it important and therefore did not follow it up.

44
Q

What did Florey and Chain do?

A

They acted on Flemmings discovery and fought for funding to develop a penicillin that could be mass produced.

45
Q

What did Crick and Watson do?

A

Used government funding to discover DNA

46
Q

Who helped Crick and Watson?

A

Morris Wlikins and Rosalind Franklin

47
Q

What year was true NHS created?

A

1948

48
Q

Who recommended the NHS was formed?

A

Bevan and Beverage in a report

49
Q

How did Versalius disprove Galen?

A

He proved thinks such as we do not have a split jaw like many other mammals do

50
Q

How did Paré improve surgery?

A

He experimented with different treatments such as rose water ands sewing up arteries to see hoe patients reacted differently.

51
Q

Why were Harveys theory about circulation challenged?

A

They did not agree with Galen, blood letting was instilled in people ands had even become fashionable.

52
Q

What does spontaneous generation state?

A

That life occurs out off nothing.

53
Q

How did Pasteur use milk to prove his theories?

A

He was able to prove with a microscope that bacteria made milk go off, it didn’t just go off.

54
Q

How did Koch prove bacteria existed?

A

He isolated the bacteria in question and injected them into healthy mice that then got ill.

55
Q

How did Koch disprove old ideas about bacteria?

A

He isolated and stained them then photographed them proving that they are not all the same.

56
Q

How did Pasteur create cholera vaccines?

A

He injected old bacteria into chickens and saw they got ill but did not die.

57
Q

How did Pasteur and Koch start the development of vaccines?

A

They made vaccines for some bacteria, and them gave other scientists the information to do the same for themselves.

58
Q

At the beginning of the industrial era what were the problems of open surgery?

A

The pain was unbearable, infection was easy to catch.

59
Q

What dis chloroform do for surgery and pain relief?

A

It made open surgery an option and it was the first reliable pain relief.

60
Q

Who was responsible for the invention of chloroform?

A

James Simpson in 1847

61
Q

Who invented antiseptic surgery?

A

Joseph Lister building on the germ theory

62
Q

How was aseptic surgery performed?

A

Everything including hands and instruments were socked and scrubbed in carboxylic acid

63
Q

What did Listers discovery lead to?

A

The scrubbing of hands and arms, sterilising operating theatres, and wearing surgical gowns

64
Q

When was the germ theory published?

A

1864

65
Q

What is a magic bullet?

A

A chemical that targets a particular microbe and does not harm any other part of the body

History (4 decks)

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