Medicine Through Time Flashcards
1
Q
What year was 50AD called?
A
Ancient Rome and Early Medieval
2
Q
Which time period was 50AD - 1350?
A
Late Medieval and Renaissance
3
Q
Which time period was 1350 - 1750?
A
Industrial
4
Q
Which time period was 1750 - 1900?
A
Modern
5
Q
Which time period was 1900 - today?
A
Present day
6
Q
When was the first plastic surgery?
A
1BC
7
Q
When were condoms first used?
A
1564
8
Q
When were the first vaccinations?
A
1796
9
Q
When were germs first identified as the cause of disease?
A
1861
10
Q
When were contact lenses first founded?
A
1887
11
Q
When was the first recorded case of AIDs?
A
1980
12
Q
When was the first womb transplant?
A
2011
13
Q
What did the Ancient Romans believed caused illness?
A
Bad smells, Gods and the Four Humours
14
Q
What were the Four Humours?
A
Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood
15
Q
In Ancient Rome, what supernatural approaches were used to treat people?
A
Priest believed that Gods caused and cured illnesses, Prayers, Sacred Necklaces and Charms.
16
Q
In Ancient Rome, what natural approaches were used to treat people?
A
Remedies, Pastes, Drilling burholes and Amputations
17
Q
Who was Asclepios?
A
God of Healing
18
Q
What was an Asclepion?
A
Temple of Healing
19
Q
What did the Ancient Romans believe about the four humours?
A
That too much of one humour would cause illness.
20
Q
How were the Romans recommended to eat during the Winter?
A
People should eat as much as possible and drink as little as possible. Foods included: unwatered wine, bread, roast meat and few veg.
21
Q
How were the Romans recommended to eat during the Summer?
A
People should drink as much as possible and eat as little as possible. Foods included: watered wine, barley cakes and boiled meat.
22
Q
What were Romans recommended to do with their hair and face?
A
They should wash their face with pure water, clean their nose and ears with well-perfumed oil.
23
Q
How were Romans recommended to exercise?
A
They should walk 2000 metres before sunrise. Fast in the Winter and slow in the Summer.
They also had Olympics every 4 years.
24
Q
What were Romans recommended to do before every meal?
A
Go for a long walk to clear the body out.
25
How were Romans recommended to keep their teeth clean?
Use their finger to rub in peppermint.
26
Who would usually treat disease during the Roman period?
A family healer, the local shop, a doctor, a surgeon or a priest.
27
What treatments did the wise women use during the Roman period?
Herbal remedies, mainly made from plants but also including animal fats and minerals. Many of these remedies must have helped people otherwise they would have not have kept using them. To make you feel better your mother may have given you a combination of onion juice, honey and valerian or poppy juice. We know now that honey can kill infections. The plant valerian worked as a sedative and pain reliever. The poppy plant was used for pain relief and for tooth ache and coughs.
28
What would happen if you came from a wealthy family during the Roman period and you caught a disease?
Your father would look up treatments in a medical book, such as the huge compendum of herbal cures collected by Dioscorides. Modern scientific test show that at least 20% of these remedies contained ingredients such as honey or garlic which helped patients by killing bacteria in infections.
29
How did Romans believe that illness could be avoided?
Exercise daily.
30
What were some of the supernatural treatments for disease during the Roman period?
A charm could be worn to scare off evil spirits. People would also pray to their household gods for good health and a cure. They would also pray to the gods of healing. The greatest god of healing was Asclepius.
31
If a Roman could not shake off an illness after praying to their household gods, what would they do?
They would go to a temple to see the god's priests and seek help. Sometimes they would leave carvings of the sick part of the body. At the temple in Lydney, Gloucestershire, people prayed to the god Nodens. This temple had a bath house, a guesthouse with a covered courtyard and an abaton where people slept and were visited by god in their dreams. The priest also encouraged patients to exercise, cleanse themselves in the baths and build up their strength by eating regular meals and having plenty of rest.
32
What did Galen encourage people to do?
He followed Hippocrates in giving advice on diet and exercise to prevent illness.
33
How did Galen treat disease?
His most common treatment was bleeding patients to restore the balance of the humours. He used bleeding for more than Hippocrates, who preferred to interfere with the body as little as possible.
34
Which idea did Galen develop?
The idea of 'Opposites' to balance the humours. For example, if a patient's symptom was too much phlegm then the illness was caused by a cold. Galen's treatment was the opposite of cold - heat!
35
What did Hippocrates encourage doctors to do?
Look for natural causes of disease rather than praying to the gods for help.
36
What reason would you have to go and see a trained doctor during the Roman times?
If your mother's remedies and your prayers had still not helped.
37
How were doctors trained during the Roman period?
By acting as apprentices to experienced doctors.
38
Was medical training compulsory to be a doctor during the Roman times?
No.
39
What were the 2 advantages of Hippocrates encouraging doctors to observe and record carefully?
Doctors were more likely to choose the right cure if they took care to find the cause of the problem. These notes could then help with the diagnosis and treatment of future patients.
40
Why did Galen disagree with Hippocrates about dissection?
He believed that physicians should find out as much as possible about the structure and workings of the body, if possible dissecting human bodies themselves. If this was not possible, he advised doctors to dissect apes because they were most like humans.
41
How did Galen demonstrate his discoveries about the workings of the nervous system?
By dissecting a pig. As the pig squealed on the table, Galen cut into it's neck, finding the nerves. He could have cut right through the nerve to stop the pig squealing but that did not appear to Galen's showmanship. Instead he announced 'I will cut this nerve but the pig will keep squealing'. He cut , and the pig kept squealing. He cut again, building up the tension, and again the pig kept squealing. Then he announced 'when I cut this nerve, the pig will stop squealing'. He cut and the pig was silent.
42
What did Galen discover about the heart and the brain?
He discovered that the brain, not the heart, controlled speech and that the arteries and not just the veins, carried blood around the body.
43
How did Hippocrates recommend staying healthy?
A light diet, gentle exercise and rest to keep the body's four humours balanced.
44
What did Galen believe caused disease?
The Four Humours - Like Hippocrates, he believed that illness was caused by the imbalances in the four humours.
Observation - Like Hippocrates, Galen also encouraged doctors to observe and examine patients carefully, taking the pulse and detailed notes of symptoms. In AD167 Galen made detailed notes on the plague sweeping across the empire. He recorded how his patients had fever, thirst, diarrhoea, skin rash and spat blood. His notes were so thorough this plague became known as 'Galen's Plague'.
45
Where and when was Hippocrates born?
460BC on the island of Cos where he worked as a doctor and teacher of doctors. He died in 370BC.
46
Explain what the Hippocratic Oath was.
The oath was created by Hippocrates to give people confidence in doctors. It makes clear that docotrs are not magicians. they have to keep high standards of treatment and behaviour and work for the benefits of their patients, not to make themselves wealthy.
47
What was the Hippocratic collection?
A set of books written by Hippocrates and other doctors. This collection is important because it is the first detailed list of symptoms and treatments. Doctors continued to use the theories and methods in the books for many centuries.
48
Who was Galen?
Claudius Galen was born in Pergamum, Greece in 129AD, the son of an architect. Galen's father had a dream in which Asclepius said that his son would become a physician. Galen began studying medicine when he was 16, even travelling to study at the great medical school in Alexandria. He also became a surgeon at a gladiators' school, gaining experience treating wounds and increasing his knowledge of anatomy.
49
What happened when Galen was 20?
Galen moved to Rome. He was a great showman and put on public performances, dissecting animals and giving talks. He also had a terrible temper, inherited from his mother, whom he said 'bit her maids and was always shouting at my father'. When the plague broke out, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius summoned Galen to take care of the royal family and he remained doctor to the emperors for the rest of his life.
50
What work did Galen do?
What really made Galen famous were the books he wrote. They combined Greek ideas with what he learned from his own work in Alexandria and Rome, and presented it all so convincingly that they became the basis for medical teaching and learning for the next 1500 years. For most of that time no one dared to say Galen was wrong.
51
What was Galen's influence?
Galen wrote 350 books, covering every aspect of medicine in an extremely detailed and well-organised way. He included the work of earlier doctors such as Hippocrates, but also added his own work on treatments and on the structure and workings of the body. It seemed that Galen had covered everything so people believed that his books had all the answers. That was one reason why Galen's books became the basis for medical training for over a thousand years.
52
Why did so many people believe that Galen was right?
His ideas fitted in with the Christian Church; which controlled education in Europe in the Middle Ages. Although Galen was not Christian, he believed that the body had been created by one god who had made all the parts of the body fit together perfectly. This matched the Christian belief that God had created human beings so for centuries Christians did not dare to question Galen's ideas.
53
What is public health?
The measures put in place by a government to look after the health of it's people.
54
Who were the first to have a system of public health and promote hygiene for everyone?
Romans.
55
What was significant about 100BC?
Soldiers were told not to stay too long near swampy waters.
Regular exercise was recommended.
Sewage was carried out of the city.
14 aqueducts piped water in houses in Rome.
Living conditions and people were kept clean.
56
Describe the process of going to the Roman Baths in 100BC.
First they undressed.
Then they had al their hair plucked off by slaves with tweezers.
Next they were massaged with oil. This was then scraped off with a curved instrument called a strigil, which took the dirt and sweat off their bodies.
There was a steam room like a modern sauna and a large swimming pool.
There was an ice-cold plunge pool.
They were taken to a warm room where they could relax and get dressed.
57
What were the key features of Roman public health schemes in towns?
Water pipes
Water pipes carrying the water around the towns were made from lead or timber. Some people would have developed lead poisoning but the Romans could not know this was happening.
58
What were the key features of Roman public health schemes in towns?
Reservoirs held the water supply and distributed it to the piping system.
Forts had their own bath-house, water supply and latrines. Many also had hospitals for the soldiers.
Public latrines were often flushed by water from the public baths and then drained into the sewers. They often seated 20 people in one room.
Public fountains provided water for drinking and washing. Most people got their water from fountains, street pumps and rain barrels because they were not rich enough to have water piped into their houses.
Private homes of the rich were supplied with water but even here the water had to be carried upstairs in buckets by slaves. If there was a drought, the supply to houses was cut off to save water.
59
Explain how work effected life expectancy during the Roman period.
Long hours - usually dawn till dusk.
Hard, physical work - proughing, harvesting crops etc
No doctors were able to treat people who had accidents while working.
Young children were wrapped up and taken with the mother while she worked in the fields.
Work often involved difficult movement of positions. e.g. bending down constantly while reaping crops.
Diseases were often caught from animals.
60
Explain how food/diet effected life expectancy during the Roman period.
Basic food - bread, cheese, a weak version of beer, porridge made from vegetables and oats or barley.
Water was not always fit for drinking.
There were often food shortages. e.g. in the Winter, times of drought or in times of extreme weather.
Food often lacked vitamins so people could not always fight off disease.
61
Explain how housing effected life expectancy during the Roman period.
Homes were usually just one room with a fire in the middle.
Animals were often brought inside the home at night during the Winter.
Homes gave little protection against the cold, damp weather and many people developed rheumatism, arthritis etc.
62
Explain how disease effected life expectancy during the Roman period.
Animals were often brought inside the home during the Winter.
Diseases were sometimes caught from animals.
Water was not always fit for drinking.
There were often food shortages e.g. in Winter, times of drought, or in times of extreme wet weather.
Any problems during childbirth often resulted in the death of mother and/or child.
Many people kept large farm animals and these could cause injury e.g. being knocked over, a broken leg.
Food often lacked vitamins so people could not always fight off disease.
Homes gave little protection against the cold, damp weather and many people developed rheumatism, arthritis etc.
63
Who did people during medieval times think caused disease?
God or the Devil - continuing from the Romans
The 4 Humours - continuing form the Romans
Bad Air (Miasma) - continuing from the Romans
Desperate explanations
Astrology
64
Who were the early medieval doctors?
```
Barber-Surgeon
Priest
Trained Physician
Wise Woman
Apothecary
Blood Letter
```
65
How was the barber-surgeon trained in the medieval times?
In a butcher shop.
66
How was the priest trained during the medieval times?
By the local monastery.
67
How was the physician trained during the medieval times?
Medical school, passed exams.
68
How was the wise woman trained in the medieval times?
Knowledge passed down from female ancestors.
69
How was the apothecary trained in the medieval times?
At home by relatives.
70
How was the blood letter trained in the medieval times?
Apprentice.
71
What were the barber-surgeon's most common treatments during the medieval times?
Amputating limbs and blood-letting.
72
What were the priest's most common treatments during the medieval times?
Prayer, rest, care, herbal remedies and flagellation (self-punishment).
73
What were the trained physician's most common treatments during the medieval times?
Observation and theory of Opposites
74
What were the wise woman's most common treatments during the medieval times?
Herbal remedies, prayers, charms and spells.
75
What were the apothecary's most common treatments during the medieval times?
Potions.
76
What were the blood-letter's most common treatments during the medieval times?
Blood letting.
77
What happened to public health during the medieval times?
Wide streets had 2 gutters, one on either side. Narrow streets had one gutter going down the middle.
There were open sewers carrying refuse to the river.
By the 1380s, there were at least 13 common privies(public conveniences) in the city. One on Temple Bridge was built over the Thames.
