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Medicine Through Time Flashcards

1
Q

What organization had influence all over Europe during medieval times?

A

The Christian Church, headed by the Pope.

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2
Q

How did monasteries contribute to knowledge?

A

Monasteries had large libraries where monks copied books by hand, preserving knowledge, including medical knowledge.

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3
Q

Why was the Church influential in education?

A

The Church controlled universities and medical schools where doctors were trained.

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4
Q

What was the Church’s stance on independent thinking?

A

The Church discouraged independent thinking and promoted respect for the Bible and traditional ideas.

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5
Q

Who created the Theory of the Four Humours?

A

Hippocrates, an Ancient Greek physician.

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6
Q

What are the Four Humours?

A

Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.

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7
Q

What did the Theory of Opposites suggest?

A

Illnesses caused by one humour could be treated with the opposite (e.g., treating a fever with something cold like cucumber).

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8
Q

How did religion explain illness in medieval times?

A

Illness was seen as a punishment from God for sins.

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9
Q

What was the role of miasma in medieval disease theories?

A

Miasma, or bad air from rotting material, was believed to cause disease.

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10
Q

How did astrology influence medicine?

A

Physicians used star charts to diagnose illness based on planetary positions.

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11
Q

What was bloodletting, and why was it done?

A

Bloodletting involved cutting a vein or using leeches to remove excess blood and balance the humours.

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12
Q

What was Regimen Sanitatis?

A

A set of instructions by physicians to prevent illness, including exercise, clean air, and moderate eating.

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13
Q

How did medieval people purify the air?

A

They carried flowers, burned incense, or placed herbs in pomanders.

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14
Q

Who provided most medical care at home?

A

Women, who prepared herbal remedies and cared for the sick.

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15
Q

How did apothecaries differ from physicians?

A

Apothecaries mixed herbal remedies and were cheaper but less formally trained.

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16
Q

What were the main tasks of barber surgeons?

A

Performing small surgeries, bloodletting, and treating wounds.

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17
Q

What disease caused the Black Death?

A

Bubonic plague, spread by fleas on rats.

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18
Q

What does “Renaissance” mean?

A

Renaissance means “rebirth” and refers to a renewed focus on learning, art, and observation.

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19
Q

How did Renaissance artists improve their work?

A

They studied human anatomy to make their paintings and sculptures more accurate.

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20
Q

What invention helped spread new ideas during the Renaissance?

A

The printing press, invented in 1436.

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21
Q

What substance from the Americas was an effective treatment for malaria?

A

Quinine, extracted from cinchona bark.

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22
Q

How did the Renaissance contribute to the Reformation?

A

People began to criticize the Church and seek a scientific approach, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

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23
Q

What was one result of the Reformation?

A

The Church’s power decreased, and people were less likely to blame illness on God.

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24
Q

What organization helped spread scientific ideas in the 1600s?

A

The Royal Society, established in 1645.

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25
What did the Royal Society publish to share discoveries?
A journal called "Philosophical Transactions."
26
Who invented the first microscope, and what did he observe?
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek; he observed microscopic organisms he called "animalcules."
27
What book did Vesalius publish in 1543?
On the Fabric of the Human Body.
28
How did Vesalius disprove Galen?
He found 300 mistakes in Galen’s anatomy, such as the human jawbone being one bone, not two.
29
Why was Vesalius important to medicine?
He encouraged dissection and corrected many errors in anatomical knowledge.
30
What was William Harvey's major discovery?
Blood circulates in a one-way system, pumped by the heart.
31
How did Harvey disprove Galen’s idea about blood?
He showed blood wasn’t "burnt up" in the body and proved the liver doesn’t create new blood.
32
What factors helped Harvey succeed?
Individuals , decline of church , science
33
What did Sydenham emphasize in diagnosing diseases?
Observing symptoms and identifying diseases as distinct conditions.
34
What treatments did Sydenham introduce?
Quinine for malaria and iron for anemia.
35
Which old belief about disease remained during the Renaissance?
Miasma, or "bad air," was thought to cause disease.
36
What new idea about disease did Fracastoro propose in 1546?
Disease was caused by seed-like particles in the air.
37
Why didn’t new ideas about disease affect ordinary people?
There was no scientific proof, and most people still believed in the Theory of the Four Humours.
38
What was "transference"?
The belief that illness could transfer to another object, such as rubbing warts with an onion.
39
What new herbal remedies were introduced from the New World?
Sarsaparilla for syphilis and ipecac for dysentery.
40
How did iatrochemistry change medicine?
It introduced chemical treatments, such as antimony for cooling the body.
41
What was the most popular theory about the cause of the Great Plague?
Miasma, or bad smells, caused the plague.
42
What were "plague doctors" known for wearing?
Masks filled with sweet-smelling herbs to ward off miasma.
43
How did the Mayor of London try to prevent the spread of the plague?
Orders included quarantining infected houses, burning tar, and cleaning streets.
44
What led to the growth of towns during the Industrial Revolution?
Machines powered by water and steam moved production from homes to factories, creating jobs in towns.
45
What were living conditions like in industrial towns?
Overcrowded, with poor ventilation, damp housing, and inadequate water and sewer systems.
46
What diseases were common during the Industrial Revolution?
Smallpox, cholera, tuberculosis, and typhus.
47
What was a common way to prevent smallpox before Jenner's vaccination?
Inoculation, where pus from smallpox scabs was rubbed into a cut on the arm.
48
What were the problems with inoculation?
It was expensive, risky (some patients died), and could spread smallpox to others.
49
How did Edward Jenner develop the smallpox vaccination?
In 1796, he infected James Phipps with cowpox, and six weeks later exposed him to smallpox, but the boy did not develop the disease.
50
Why was there opposition to Jenner's vaccination?
People thought it was unnatural to use an animal disease, it went against God’s will, and inoculators opposed it for financial reasons.
51
What role did the government play in Jenner’s vaccination success?
Parliament made smallpox vaccination compulsory in 1852 and enforced it in 1872.
52
What was the global impact of Jenner’s work?
By 1979, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated worldwide.
53
What did John Snow discover about the cause of cholera?
Cholera was spread through contaminated water, not miasma.
54
How did Snow investigate the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho?
He mapped deaths, interviewed families, and linked cases to a water pump on Broad Street.
55
What happened when Snow removed the Broad Street pump handle?
The cholera outbreak ended.
56
Why was Snow’s discovery not immediately accepted?
He lacked scientific proof (germ theory hadn’t been discovered), and the government resisted the expense of upgrading sewer systems.
57
What event in 1858 finally pushed the government to improve London’s sewers?
The Great Stink, caused by heat and sewage in the Thames, made the smell unbearable.
58
What did Edwin Chadwick’s 1842 report reveal?
City dwellers had lower life expectancies due to filthy living conditions.
59
What was the goal of the Public Health Act of 1848?
To encourage towns to improve water supplies, sewage disposal, and appoint medical officers, but it was not compulsory.
60
Why was the 1858 Great Stink significant?
It forced Parliament to fund London’s sewer system, designed by Joseph Bazalgette.
61
What changes did the 1875 Public Health Act enforce?
Towns had to provide clean water, dispose of sewage, improve housing, and monitor food quality.
62
Why was the 1875 Public Health Act a turning point?
It marked the government taking responsibility for public health and successfully reduced disease.
63
Why did public health improvements take so long to happen?
The government had a laissez-faire attitude, lacked scientific proof, and resisted the cost of reforms.
64
What was the theory of spontaneous generation?
The idea that living organisms were generated from non-living matter, such as frogs from mud or flies from rotting meat.
65
Why did scientists believe in spontaneous generation?
Early microscopes revealed microorganisms on decaying matter, leading scientists to think microbes spontaneously arose from the decay.
66
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur, through experiments showing microorganisms cause decay.
67
What invention helped Pasteur observe microorganisms more clearly?
A powerful microscope developed by Joseph Lister that magnified 1000 times without distortion.
68
What experiment did Pasteur use to disprove spontaneous generation?
He sterilized liquids in sealed flasks, showing they remained free from decay unless exposed to air carrying microorganisms.
69
What are the four principles of Germ Theory?
The air contains living microorganisms. Microorganisms in the air cause decay. Microorganisms can be killed by heating them. Microorganisms are not evenly distributed in the air.
70
What term did Pasteur use to describe microorganisms and why?
He called them "germs" because they germinate (grow) in liquids
71
When did Pasteur begin to link germs to diseases?
In the 1870s, observing microorganisms killing silkworms in France.
72
Which British surgeon applied Germ Theory to medical practice?
Joseph Lister, who worked to prevent germs from infecting wounds.
73
What did John Tyndall contribute to Germ Theory?
He discovered small organic particles in the air and linked them to germs carried by dust.
74
Why did some doctors, like Henry Bastion, resist Germ Theory?
Microbes were found in healthy people, making it difficult to directly link them to disease.
75
Why did many people still believe in miasma despite Pasteur’s findings?
Industrial towns had dirty, smelly conditions, reinforcing the idea that "bad air" caused disease.
76
What industries did Germ Theory initially benefit?
Farming (beer, wine, milk preservation) and medicine (sterilization and infection control).
77
How did Germ Theory influence public health?
It eventually shifted focus from miasma to hygiene, sanitation, and sterilization to prevent disease.

History (3 decks)

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