Medicine Through Time Flashcards
What problem did Mary Seacole face wheb she applied to be a nurse in the War department in London?
She w as turned away. she was under no illusion that thsi was because of her colour.
What is prejudice?
A preconceived idea or view about someone before knowing what that person is like.
What is the ‘germ theory of disease’ ?
Formed in mid 1860s, outlined the discovery that heat could be used to kill bacteria that were present without liquids.
What did Louis Pasteur use to test his theory?
He worked out that heated wine and beer to 57 degrees celcius did not become contaminated by micro organisms.
What is the process of heating foods to kill harmful bacteria known as?
Pasteurisation.
What temperature is milk heated to nowadays?
72 degrees celcius for 15 minutes. Can stay in a fridge for up to 2 weeks.
Temperatures are much hiher than in Pasteur’s days.
What is UHT?
Ultra High Temperature - heated to 150 degrees celcius for15 minutes. Shelf life of seversl months outside of a fridge.
What vaccine did Pasteur create?
The rabies vaccine in 1885
Which biomedical research facility was opened in 1888?
The Pasteur Institute in France
What is a vaccine?
Treatment which helps the body fight a disease.
What is the meaning of ‘immune’ ?
Bodies ability to defend itself against infection.
What is a ‘microbiologist’?
A person who studies micro-organisms.
in what century did scientists begin to experiment with ananesthetics to put patients to sleep?
Early 19th century
What was the first gas used?
Laughing gas.
What was laughing gas used for?
Pulling teeth.
In 1846, what was the first gas used in America?
Ether
Who first used ‘ether’ in London?
Robert Liston in London
In 1847 James Simpson was the first to use what successfully?
chloroform
What happened in the ‘Black period of surgery’?
The death rate rose as surgeons took more time and attempted more difficult surgery with the use of chloroform.
What did patients die from durig the black period of surgery?
-doctors didn’t wash hands
-coughed over patients
-wore bloody aprons as a badge of honour
What did Johh Snow develope in the 1850s?
An inhaler which regulated the dosage of chloroform
What did Joseph Lister discover in 1867?
Carbolic spray - effective in stopping wounds getting gangrene
Until the acceptance of germ theory in the 1860s, surgeons did not take precautions to protect open wounds. They did not wash their hands or sterilse equipment.
TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
in the later part of the 19th century there were other developmentd which reduced death rate.
List 2
- cleanliness and nursing care improved when Florence Nightingale retiurned to the UK
- aseptic surgery reduced risk of infection
- x-rays allowed surgeons to look before operating
What did Karl Landsteiner discover in the early 20th century?
Blood groups
What was set up in 1938?
The National Blood Transfusion Service in Britain
What was a major catalyst for the rapid development of blood banks and transfusion techniques?
World War One
What is asepsis?
The absence of bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms
What did Chain and Florey discover in 1930s, inspired by the work of Alexander Fleming?
Penicillin
Godfrey Hounsfield invented what in 1972?
CAT scanner
Which type of surgery became more widely used in 1990s
keyhole
in 1948 the National Health Service was set up. What did it provide?
Free doctors and hospitals paid out of taxes.
What are AHP?
radiography
dietetics
occupational therapy
physio
speech and language
How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?
He returned from holiday to find thatthe bacteria in some old petri dishes was being killed by the mould - penicillin.
When was penicillin mass produced?
1943
Why are health organisations limiting the use of antibiotics?
overuse means they are becoming less effective
Who was the most famous female scientist?
Marie Curis
What prize did she win and what for?
Nobel prize for both physics and chemistry.
in July 1898, working alongside her husband Pierre, she discovered 2 new chemical elements. What were they?
Polonium nad radium. Radioactive elements.
What did these 2 new chemical elements develop treatment for?
Cancerous tumours.
What vital role did Curie play in World war 1?
Getting x-ray units into field hospitals and mobile x-ray vehicles. This was vital for injured troops.
What did Marie Curie die from?
Leukaemia
She carried test tubes of radioctive radium around in her lab coat pocket, not realising it was affecting her health.
