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Medicine through time Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Romans believe about health ?

A

They believed that cleanliness would lead to good health.

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2
Q

Who created public health ?

A

Public health was developed by the Romans

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3
Q

List what the Romans did to ensure public health.

A

Built aqueducts , Built sewage systems , Public baths , Keeping clear of swamps , Drain swamps , Bathrooms

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4
Q

Who was Galen ?

A

Galen was a Greek who became the Roman Empire’s greatest physician

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5
Q

What was special about Galen ?

A

He was the personal physician to Rome’s Emperors for decades.

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6
Q

Where was Galen from ?

A

Pergamon

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7
Q

What did he return home as ?

A

A gifted surgeon with a passion for anatomy

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8
Q

What was one of Galens most important medical contributions ?

A

That the brain controlled the body , not the heart.

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9
Q

List some of Galens discovery’s

A

Resperation was controlled by muscle , sensory and motor nerves , urine made in kidneys.

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10
Q

What did Galen not realise ?

A

That blood continuously cycles throughout the body

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11
Q

Why did Milk maids not get small pox ?

A

Because they had had cow pox

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12
Q

Who was vaccines first tested on ?

A

James phipps

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13
Q

When was small pox eradicated ?

A

1980

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14
Q

Around what time Did Jenner perform the vaccine tests ?

A

1796

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15
Q

How was the small pox vaccine first put into humans ?

A

Through scratches

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16
Q

Name some reason why people apposed the small pox vaccine.

A

There was no explanation to why it worked , doctors made money from it.

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17
Q

What does inoculation mean ?

A

Vaccination

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18
Q

List the three main problems in surgery

A

Pain , Blood Loss and infection

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19
Q

Name some things that were carried out successfully in surgery before the 19th century

A

Amputations , removing small tumours , trephining

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20
Q

Who discovered Nitrous oxide , or laughing gas eased pain ?

A

Humphry Davey in 1799

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21
Q

Name something that was also tested as an anesthetic

A

Ether

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22
Q

Who first used chloroform in 1847

A

James Simpson

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23
Q

What was opposition is aesthetics cause by ?

A

Religion ,scientific concerns , and the thought it was unnatural to not experience pain

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24
Q

What was carbolic acid used as ?

A

An antiseptic to sterilise things

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25
Q

What are antiseptics used for ?

A

Cuts , wounds , living tissue , destroys and prohibits microbe growth

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26
Q

What are aspectics used for ?

A

Keeping microbes away instead of killing them

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27
Q

Who discovered blood groups ?

A

Karl LandSteiner

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28
Q

What did Landstenier call these blood groups ?

A

A , B and O

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29
Q

What was the problem with storing blood ?

A

It clotted and couldn’t be used

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30
Q

How was blood able to be stored ?

A

When blood cells were separated from the liquid part and stored in a glucose solution.

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31
Q

Why was surgery so dangerous in the early 1800’s

A

Surgeons had to work quickly and were careless , infection happened very easily killing a lot of people.

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32
Q

Name a famous person who used Anaesthetics during their childbirth, contributing to making it accepted.

A

Queen Victoria

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33
Q

Who was the first person to use ether ?

A

Crawford Long

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34
Q

What caused so much infection in hospitals ?

A

Germ theory not accepted , harder surgery’s being performed because of anaesthetics , dirty conditions

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35
Q

List examples of dirty conditions in surgery.

A

Dirty clothes , un sanitised instruments being used , surgeons wearing dried blood on their aprons

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36
Q

What did Joseph Lister realise ?

A

Germs where probably what was killing his patients

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37
Q

What was bad about carbolic acid ?

A

Damaged surgeons hands

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38
Q

What did Dr William Halsted do in 1890 ?

A

Created the idea of wearing rubber gloves in surgery

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39
Q

What decade did experiments with anaesthetics occur ?

A

1840’s

40
Q

What is the number one way germs spread these days ?

A

Not washing hands properly

41
Q

Did anaesthetics cause more infection ?

A

Yes because surgeons were attempting more complex surgeries without proper hygiene

42
Q

What was Cholera ?

A

A bacterial disease causing severe diarrhoea and dehydration , usually spread in water

43
Q

Where Did cholera originate ?

A

The Ganges River, Delta , India

44
Q

Britain was hit with 4 breakouts , when were the dates of these ?

A
  • 1831 to 1832
  • 1848 to 1849
  • 1853 to 1854
  • 1866 to 1867
45
Q

Name 2 theories on how it spread.

A

Rich poisoning the poor , through the air as a miasma

46
Q

What actually spread cholera ?

A

Through germs in water contaminated with faeces

47
Q

When did John snow discover how its spread ?

A

1854

48
Q

What did John snow do with a water pump ?

A

Removed the handle

49
Q

Name old cures for cholera.

A

Cleaning homes and towns , connecting houses to sewers

50
Q

New cures for cholera.

A

Hydration , IV fluids , Zinc

51
Q

How did sewage get into the drinking water ?

A

A cess pool had cracked leaking into the water

52
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath ?

A

A pledge doctors make promising to do the best for their patients , not money. Making clear doctors weren’t magicians and that they had high standards.

53
Q

Who was Hippocrates ?

A

Hippocrates of Kos was a Greek physician.. At a time when most people attributed sickness to superstition and the wrath of the gods, Hippocrates taught that all forms of illness had a natural cause

54
Q

What are the four humours (or liquids) ?

A

yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm

55
Q

What was believed about the humours ?

A

The key to good health was to keep the humors in balance; an excess or deficiency in one or more of the humors was associated with disease.

56
Q

Why did Hippocrates encourage people to write down their observations ?

A

It would help to find cures , diagnose things , and help with treatment of future patients.

57
Q

Did Hippocrates believe praying to gods are what made people better ?

A

No he encouraged natural treatments

58
Q

List the body’s wasy of balancing the humours.

A

Nosebleeds , coughing , sneezing , vomitting

59
Q

List ways doctors would balance humours.

A

Draining blood through cuts , making people vomit.

60
Q

How was Hippocrates knowledge passed down ?

A

He wrote lots of books explaining treatments and symptoms in detail.

61
Q

How did war effect medicine ?

A

Blood was first stored successfully during World War One. Doctors could now give blood transfusions to soldiers.
New techniques in facial surgery and burns were developed - and there were huge advances in prosthetic limb technology - to meet the needs of hundreds of thousands of amputees. It overall advanced to meet the needs of the wounded soldiers.

62
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale ?

A

She was a famous nurse know for her work in the war.

63
Q

What did Florence Nightingale do ?

A

Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved

64
Q

What was the Miasma theory ?

A

That wandering clouds of disease in the air are what made people sick

65
Q

Where was then infected water pump in the cholera outbreak ?

A

Broad street

66
Q

What is germ theory ?

A

Germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.

67
Q

How did germ theory come to be ?

A

Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of germ theory of disease.

68
Q

When did Karl Landsteiner find out about the blood groups ?

A

1900

69
Q

What were the things that led Landsteiner to believe there were different blood types ?

A

He noticed different types of protein and sugar markers on the surface of the red blood cells.

70
Q

Why were blood transfusions with different types of blood dangerous ?

A

Because the body would reject the blood

71
Q

How did the Black Plague spread from Asia ?

A

By fleas living on Rats

72
Q

When did the Black Death come to Europe ?

A

1347 through trade ships

73
Q

When was germ theory discovered ?

A

1861

74
Q

How much of the population in England died from the Black Plague ?

A

40%

75
Q

What are the two types of plague ?

A
  • Bubonic Plague , blisters , fevers , headaches , spread by rats
  • Pneumonic Plague , breathing problems , coughing up blood , spread by germs
76
Q

List ways of identifying a plague doctor.

A

Wide brim hat , cloak , bird beak mask with herbs in , leather gloves , cane

77
Q

What is a Flagellant ?

A

Religious people that whipped themselves in public places in order to pay for their sins.

78
Q

Theories of the cause of the Plague.

A

Astrology (Stars and Planets)
Jews (poisoning water supplies)
God (as a punishment for sin)
Poisons (In the air)

79
Q

When was inoculation first introduced ?

A

1720

80
Q

When was antiseptic in general use in surgery ?

A

1890

81
Q

When were vaccines made compulsory ?

A

1852

82
Q

When were surgical instruments first sterilised?

A

1887

83
Q

Why was there opposition to Jenner?

A
  • The Royal Society (too revolutionary, so didn’t publish his book)
  • animal disease
  • punishment for sin
84
Q

List reasons for opposition to chloroform

A
  • new and untested gas
  • higher death rate as doctors were more adventurous
  • pain in childbirth is natural and from god
  • hannah greener died in 1848
85
Q

What was a prominent infection which affected many patients after surgery in the early 1800s?

A

Gangrene

86
Q

List reasons for opposition to carbolic acid

A
  • made operations expensive and painful for surgeons
  • surgeons were convinced speed was vital for surgery, carbolic slowed it down
  • not many believed in germ theory
  • not everyone correctly copied Lister
87
Q

What did Florence Nightingale set up?

A

The first nursing school

88
Q

Who sent Florence Nightingale to the Crimea?

A

The minister for war

89
Q

What did the death rate fall from to in Florence Nightingale’s hospital?

A

40% -> 2%

90
Q

Florence Nightingale’s main focuses were:

A

sanitation in hospitals (keeping everything clean)

  • ventilation
  • food supplies
91
Q

What happened when boats arrived at the Sicilian Port ?

A

Almost all aboard were dead or barely alive , and the ships were demanded to leave.

92
Q

What was first effected when someone caught the bubonic plague ?

A

Lymph nodes in the groin area and under arm regions

93
Q

What did the boils from the plague look like ?

A

Large egg sized , blueish black lumps , that would ooze blood and pus.

94
Q

Name some other effects that came along with the plague:

A

Fever , pain , chills , sweating , upset stomach

95
Q

How did the Plague spread ?

A

All it took was contact with a person who had the Plague, or a flea or lice bite. In the late stages it could be passed by coughs and sneezes.

96
Q

What was the Great Plague of London In 1665 ?

A

The Great Plague was London’s last major outbreak of the plague

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