Medicine through the ages Flashcards
How prehistoric medicine discovered?
Archaeological findings, Cave paintings, and artefacts.
Who are Shamens?
Spirit healers.
What did shamens do?
perform ceremonies/ cast spells to treat the sick
What is the possible early discovery of morphine, digitalis, etc,.?
use of animal blood and plants in prehistoric medicine.
What is the earliest known form of surgery?
Trepanning (Trephining)
What could be and indication that subjects survived trepanning?
Bone regrowth.
What are possible reasons for trepanning?
Release evil spirits from a sick person (headache/ epilepsy)
Where can detailed information about ancient egyptian medicine be found?
Papyrus records
Where can ancient detailed information about ancient Egyptian medicine be found?
Papyrus records. (Ebers Papyrus, Edwin Smith Papyrus)
What were the causes of diseases according to the ancient Egyptians?
God, spirits, and supernatural forces.
What were common diseases in ancient Egypt?
Schistosomiasis, Malaria, Trachoma (eye disease), Small Pox, Measles, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Silicosis of the Lungs (–> pneumonia), Trichinae.
What is Channel theory?
Body served by system of 46 Tubes (channels) with the heart at the centre.
What were the causes of disease according to the channel theory?
Channels being blocked by Wehedu (evil spirit)
What were honey and milk used for?
Respiratory/ throat infection.
What was honey used for?
wound dressing.
What was dill used for?
flatulence, laxative, diuretic.
What was caraway used for?
flatulence, breath freshener.
What was balsam apple used for?
laxative.
What was garlic used for?
vitality, flatulence, digestion, haemorrhoids, rids of body spirit.
What was Mustard seeds used for?
induce vomiting, chest pains.
What was Poppy seed used for?
insomnia, headaches, anaesthetic.
What did Egyptian pharmacists prescript?
ointments, potions, pills, inhalers
What was opium used for?
pain relief
What was cannabis used for?
pain relief
What is mummification?
preservation of body after death.
What proof is there that the ancient Egyptian had knowledge on internal body structure?
Mummification process (requires organs removal)
What is Asclepius?
Greek god of healing.
What characteristics did ancient Greek doctors have?
rational theory of disease and search for cures.
Who said that health is a result of a correct balance of hot and cold, wet and dry?
Greeks (alcmaeon of Croton)
What is the cause of illness according to Greeks?
Upsetting the balance between hat and cold, wet and dry.
Who is the father of western medicine?
Hippocrates
Who said that disease is caused by environmental factors, diet, and living habits?
Hippocrates
Who separated medicine from religion?
Hippocrates
What are the four humours?
Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
What happens if the four humours are out of balance?
disease (dyscrasia)
What is crisis?
Point in progression of disease where illness cause death.
What is Valetudinaria?
hospitals for treatment of wounded sodiers.
Who was the first to suggest the existence of micro-organisms and their association with disease?
Varro
What was Varro’s advice?
avoid swamps and marshland.
Who were to recognise the link between sewage and disease?
Romans
Who was the physician who was interested in anatomy and dissected dead and living animals?
Galen
How many volumes did Galen write?
more than 20
At what time was Galen influential in western medicine?
middle ages until 16/17 century
What were Galen’s contributions to medicine?
-described properties and functionality of muscles.
-the importance of nerves for motion and sensation.
-Path of communication (Brain-spinal cord-muscles and other body parts)
-brain and spinal cord are the centre of psychical force.
-distinction between arteries and veins.
Who was the first to distinguish between small box and measles?
Al-Rhazi
Who was the first to describe haemophilia?
Abu Al-Kasim
What was cause of disease in the Dark ages?
punishment from God.
What was the cure to diseases in the dark ages?
Prayers
Who were assigned to care for the sick in St Benedict era?
Benedictine Monks
what were the only hospitals in Europe in the dark ages?
Monasteries
What were the the treatments outlawed by the church?
witchcraft (herbal remedies/ potions)
What treatments were used in the dark ages?
-Alcohol and opium
-mandrake (pain relief, wounds, gout, sleeplessness, love potion)
-Hemlock (pain relief, antispasmodic, sedative)
-purging
-blood letting
What was the first European medical school?
Solerno (Italy)
What were the 13th century universities?
Bologna, Padua, Paris
Who was the first to introduce Europe to printing?
Johannes Guttenberg
Who was pioneering in human dissection and making anatomical drawings?
Leonardo Da Vinci
Who was dissection performed on?
criminals and sinners
Who was first to conduct systematic, repeated comparative dissection of humans for the first time
Andreas Vesalius
Who was to recognise that humans and apes do not share same anatomy?
Andreas Vasalius
What is the book that transformed Anatomy into a discipline based on observation taken directly from human dissection?
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (The Fabric of the Human Body)
De Humani Corporis Fabrica challenged the iseas of whome?
Aristotle
Galen (corrected him on around 250 points)
Who rote De Moto Cordis (on the motion of the heart and blood)?
William Harvey
Where was the first accurate description of the movement of blood around the body in a closed circuit?
De Moto Cordis by William Harvey
What were the identifications of William Harvey?
-Heart as a co-ordinated pump
-arteries carry blood away from the heart
-veins carry blood to the heart
-the importance of valves.
Who is a quaksalver?
someone who boasts about his salves (falsely claiming of possessing medical skills)
What is the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of Aristotle?
Some living things can arise suddenly from inanimate matter without need for living progenitor.
Who’s the person that have carried one of the earliest examples of controlled experiment?
Francesco Reddi
Who’s the person who proved Aristotle Abiogenesis theory wrong?
Francesco Reddi
Who are the first to invent compound microscope?
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
Who is the person who improved the first design of the compound microscope and introduced the focusing mechanism?
Galileo Galilei
Who identified that capillaries link between arteries and veins?
Marcello Malpighi
Who is the English father of microscopy?
Robert Hooke
What book did Robert Hooke publish?
Micrographia
Where is the first use of the term “cell” found?
Micographia by Robert Hooke
Who was the first to achieve >270 magnification?
Anton Van Leeunhoek
Who achieved the first observation of micro-organisms?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Who was the physician that introduced the term “animal electricity”?
Luigi Galvani
What is the concept of Animal electricity?
fluid secreted from brain and conducted by nerves to muscles.
What was the Chinese observation in regard to smallpox?
smallpox survivors didn’t contract the disease again.
What was the matter that physicians experimented with to cure smallpox?
Dried scabs powder.
Who was the person who popularized variolation (inoculation) in Britain?
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
Who was the first to publish on cowpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner
who was the first to introduce the term vaccination?
Edward Jenner
Was Edward Jenner the first to use cowpox vaccination?
No
How many people is it estimated that smallpox killed during the 19th century?
500 million
What was the general belief on cholera transmission?
Cholera transmit through the air (miasma theory)
Who proved that cholera transmits by water?
John Snow
Who established that yeast was required for fermentation?
Louis Pasteur
What was the reason behind wine sourness?
motile bacteria.
What is pasteurization?
Rapid heating followed by rapid cooling.
Who discovered anaerobic bacteria?
Louis Pasteur
Who postulated the use of chemical in wounds treatment?
Louis Pasteur
Who was the first to use aseptic technique in surgery?
Joseph Lister
Who was the first to investigate cause of Anthrax?
Robert Koch
What was Jacob Henle view on the causes of infectious diseases?
Caused by living parasitic organisms.
Who discovered bacteria spores?
Robert Koch
Who discovered that bacteria causes disease?
Louis Pasteur
Who established the idea of immunization using weakened cultures?
Louis Pasteur
Who invented rabbis vaccine?
Louis Pasteur
is rabbis a viral or bacterial disease?
viral
Who discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin)?
Alexander Fleming
What was the story behind the discovery of penicillin?
mould development in Staphylococcus aureus culture dishes
Who succeeded in isolating, concentrating, and correctly theorizing the structure of penicillin?
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey
Who improved the efficiency of penicillin isolation and production and testing on animals?
Norman Heatley
What are some examples of medical imaging?
X-ray (discovered by Rontgen)
Ultrasound
CT (computed tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imagery)
