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Medicine through the ages Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

How prehistoric medicine discovered?

A

Archaeological findings, Cave paintings, and artefacts.

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2
Q

Who are Shamens?

A

Spirit healers.

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3
Q

What did shamens do?

A

perform ceremonies/ cast spells to treat the sick

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4
Q

What is the possible early discovery of morphine, digitalis, etc,.?

A

use of animal blood and plants in prehistoric medicine.

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5
Q

What is the earliest known form of surgery?

A

Trepanning (Trephining)

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6
Q

What could be and indication that subjects survived trepanning?

A

Bone regrowth.

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7
Q

What are possible reasons for trepanning?

A

Release evil spirits from a sick person (headache/ epilepsy)

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8
Q

Where can detailed information about ancient egyptian medicine be found?

A

Papyrus records

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9
Q

Where can ancient detailed information about ancient Egyptian medicine be found?

A

Papyrus records. (Ebers Papyrus, Edwin Smith Papyrus)

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10
Q

What were the causes of diseases according to the ancient Egyptians?

A

God, spirits, and supernatural forces.

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11
Q

What were common diseases in ancient Egypt?

A

Schistosomiasis, Malaria, Trachoma (eye disease), Small Pox, Measles, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Silicosis of the Lungs (–> pneumonia), Trichinae.

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12
Q

What is Channel theory?

A

Body served by system of 46 Tubes (channels) with the heart at the centre.

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13
Q

What were the causes of disease according to the channel theory?

A

Channels being blocked by Wehedu (evil spirit)

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14
Q

What were honey and milk used for?

A

Respiratory/ throat infection.

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15
Q

What was honey used for?

A

wound dressing.

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16
Q

What was dill used for?

A

flatulence, laxative, diuretic.

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17
Q

What was caraway used for?

A

flatulence, breath freshener.

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18
Q

What was balsam apple used for?

A

laxative.

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19
Q

What was garlic used for?

A

vitality, flatulence, digestion, haemorrhoids, rids of body spirit.

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20
Q

What was Mustard seeds used for?

A

induce vomiting, chest pains.

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21
Q

What was Poppy seed used for?

A

insomnia, headaches, anaesthetic.

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22
Q

What did Egyptian pharmacists prescript?

A

ointments, potions, pills, inhalers

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23
Q

What was opium used for?

A

pain relief

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24
Q

What was cannabis used for?

A

pain relief

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25
Q

What is mummification?

A

preservation of body after death.

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26
Q

What proof is there that the ancient Egyptian had knowledge on internal body structure?

A

Mummification process (requires organs removal)

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27
Q

What is Asclepius?

A

Greek god of healing.

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28
Q

What characteristics did ancient Greek doctors have?

A

rational theory of disease and search for cures.

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29
Q

Who said that health is a result of a correct balance of hot and cold, wet and dry?

A

Greeks (alcmaeon of Croton)

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30
Q

What is the cause of illness according to Greeks?

A

Upsetting the balance between hat and cold, wet and dry.

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31
Q

Who is the father of western medicine?

A

Hippocrates

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32
Q

Who said that disease is caused by environmental factors, diet, and living habits?

A

Hippocrates

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33
Q

Who separated medicine from religion?

A

Hippocrates

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34
Q

What are the four humours?

A

Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm

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35
Q

What happens if the four humours are out of balance?

A

disease (dyscrasia)

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36
Q

What is crisis?

A

Point in progression of disease where illness cause death.

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37
Q

What is Valetudinaria?

A

hospitals for treatment of wounded sodiers.

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38
Q

Who was the first to suggest the existence of micro-organisms and their association with disease?

A

Varro

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39
Q

What was Varro’s advice?

A

avoid swamps and marshland.

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40
Q

Who were to recognise the link between sewage and disease?

A

Romans

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41
Q

Who was the physician who was interested in anatomy and dissected dead and living animals?

A

Galen

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42
Q

How many volumes did Galen write?

A

more than 20

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43
Q

At what time was Galen influential in western medicine?

A

middle ages until 16/17 century

44
Q

What were Galen’s contributions to medicine?

A

-described properties and functionality of muscles.
-the importance of nerves for motion and sensation.
-Path of communication (Brain-spinal cord-muscles and other body parts)
-brain and spinal cord are the centre of psychical force.
-distinction between arteries and veins.

45
Q

Who was the first to distinguish between small box and measles?

A

Al-Rhazi

46
Q

Who was the first to describe haemophilia?

A

Abu Al-Kasim

47
Q

What was cause of disease in the Dark ages?

A

punishment from God.

48
Q

What was the cure to diseases in the dark ages?

A

Prayers

49
Q

Who were assigned to care for the sick in St Benedict era?

A

Benedictine Monks

50
Q

what were the only hospitals in Europe in the dark ages?

A

Monasteries

51
Q

What were the the treatments outlawed by the church?

A

witchcraft (herbal remedies/ potions)

52
Q

What treatments were used in the dark ages?

A

-Alcohol and opium
-mandrake (pain relief, wounds, gout, sleeplessness, love potion)
-Hemlock (pain relief, antispasmodic, sedative)
-purging
-blood letting

53
Q

What was the first European medical school?

A

Solerno (Italy)

54
Q

What were the 13th century universities?

A

Bologna, Padua, Paris

55
Q

Who was the first to introduce Europe to printing?

A

Johannes Guttenberg

56
Q

Who was pioneering in human dissection and making anatomical drawings?

A

Leonardo Da Vinci

57
Q

Who was dissection performed on?

A

criminals and sinners

58
Q

Who was first to conduct systematic, repeated comparative dissection of humans for the first time

A

Andreas Vesalius

59
Q

Who was to recognise that humans and apes do not share same anatomy?

A

Andreas Vasalius

60
Q

What is the book that transformed Anatomy into a discipline based on observation taken directly from human dissection?

A

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (The Fabric of the Human Body)

61
Q

De Humani Corporis Fabrica challenged the iseas of whome?

A

Aristotle
Galen (corrected him on around 250 points)

62
Q

Who rote De Moto Cordis (on the motion of the heart and blood)?

A

William Harvey

63
Q

Where was the first accurate description of the movement of blood around the body in a closed circuit?

A

De Moto Cordis by William Harvey

64
Q

What were the identifications of William Harvey?

A

-Heart as a co-ordinated pump
-arteries carry blood away from the heart
-veins carry blood to the heart
-the importance of valves.

65
Q

Who is a quaksalver?

A

someone who boasts about his salves (falsely claiming of possessing medical skills)

66
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of Aristotle?

A

Some living things can arise suddenly from inanimate matter without need for living progenitor.

67
Q

Who’s the person that have carried one of the earliest examples of controlled experiment?

A

Francesco Reddi

68
Q

Who’s the person who proved Aristotle Abiogenesis theory wrong?

A

Francesco Reddi

69
Q

Who are the first to invent compound microscope?

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

70
Q

Who is the person who improved the first design of the compound microscope and introduced the focusing mechanism?

A

Galileo Galilei

71
Q

Who identified that capillaries link between arteries and veins?

A

Marcello Malpighi

72
Q

Who is the English father of microscopy?

A

Robert Hooke

73
Q

What book did Robert Hooke publish?

A

Micrographia

74
Q

Where is the first use of the term “cell” found?

A

Micographia by Robert Hooke

75
Q

Who was the first to achieve >270 magnification?

A

Anton Van Leeunhoek

76
Q

Who achieved the first observation of micro-organisms?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

77
Q

Who was the physician that introduced the term “animal electricity”?

A

Luigi Galvani

78
Q

What is the concept of Animal electricity?

A

fluid secreted from brain and conducted by nerves to muscles.

79
Q

What was the Chinese observation in regard to smallpox?

A

smallpox survivors didn’t contract the disease again.

80
Q

What was the matter that physicians experimented with to cure smallpox?

A

Dried scabs powder.

81
Q

Who was the person who popularized variolation (inoculation) in Britain?

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

82
Q

Who was the first to publish on cowpox vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

83
Q

who was the first to introduce the term vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

84
Q

Was Edward Jenner the first to use cowpox vaccination?

A

No

85
Q

How many people is it estimated that smallpox killed during the 19th century?

A

500 million

86
Q

What was the general belief on cholera transmission?

A

Cholera transmit through the air (miasma theory)

87
Q

Who proved that cholera transmits by water?

A

John Snow

88
Q

Who established that yeast was required for fermentation?

A

Louis Pasteur

89
Q

What was the reason behind wine sourness?

A

motile bacteria.

90
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Rapid heating followed by rapid cooling.

91
Q

Who discovered anaerobic bacteria?

A

Louis Pasteur

92
Q

Who postulated the use of chemical in wounds treatment?

A

Louis Pasteur

93
Q

Who was the first to use aseptic technique in surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

94
Q

Who was the first to investigate cause of Anthrax?

A

Robert Koch

95
Q

What was Jacob Henle view on the causes of infectious diseases?

A

Caused by living parasitic organisms.

96
Q

Who discovered bacteria spores?

A

Robert Koch

97
Q

Who discovered that bacteria causes disease?

A

Louis Pasteur

98
Q

Who established the idea of immunization using weakened cultures?

A

Louis Pasteur

99
Q

Who invented rabbis vaccine?

A

Louis Pasteur

100
Q

is rabbis a viral or bacterial disease?

A

viral

101
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin)?

A

Alexander Fleming

102
Q

What was the story behind the discovery of penicillin?

A

mould development in Staphylococcus aureus culture dishes

103
Q

Who succeeded in isolating, concentrating, and correctly theorizing the structure of penicillin?

A

Ernst Chain and Howard Florey

104
Q

Who improved the efficiency of penicillin isolation and production and testing on animals?

A

Norman Heatley

105
Q

What are some examples of medical imaging?

A

X-ray (discovered by Rontgen)
Ultrasound
CT (computed tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imagery)

Medical sciences (5 decks)

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