Medicine Review Flashcards
LMN lesions, destroys anterior horns, flaccid paralysis
Polio
Destroys white matter or cervical region, random asymmetric lesions from demyelination, scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus
MS
combined UMN and LMN lesions
No sensory deficit
ALS
Degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal column, impaired proprioception, locomotor ataxia
tabes dorsalis
crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract damage leading to bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
syrinogmyelia
demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts. Leads to ataxic gait, hyperreflexia, impaired position and vibration sense
Vitamin b12 neuropathy
Prion disease, rare form of dementia, transmissible spongiform encepalopathy
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
hyperkinetic, autosomal dominant, CAG repeats, anticipation
Huntington disease
Idiopathic hypokinetic, dopamine depletion in substantia nigra, lewy bodies. Resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability
parkinsons
Buttock claudication, decreased femoral pulses, male impotence
Aortoiliac disease
calf claudication, decreased pulses below femoral a
femoropopliteal disease
Systolic ejection murmur radiating to carotids
Aortic stenosis
holosystolic murmur radiating to axilla
mitral regurg
midsystolic click
mitral valve prolapse
early decrescendo murmur
aortic regurg
mid to late low pitched murmur
mitral stenosis
Gallop seen in dilated cardiomyopathy, mitral valve dx, normal in youndg patient and pregnancy
S3
Gallop seen in HTN, diastolic dysfunction, aortic stenosis, normal in youth and athletes
S4
EKG changes: New inverted T waves, poor R wave progression, ST changes
Ischemia
EKG changes: Significant Q waves, ST elevations, T wave inversion
Transmural Infarct
Progressive systemic connective tissue disease characterized by immune0mediated striated muscle inflammation. Presents with symmetrical progressive proximal muscle weakness, pain, and difficulty breathing
polymyositis
presents with symptoms of polymyositis but with cutaneous involvement; heliotrope rash, shawl sign, gottrons papules
dermatomyositis
chronic pain of soft tissue and axial skeleton. No joint pian
Fibromyalgia
Pain and stiffness in the shoulder and girdle region muscles. May include fever, malaise, weight loss, increased ESR, anemia
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Excess serum levels leading to HTN, DM2, depression, weight gain, hirsutism, central obesity, proximal muscle wasting, hair growth, abdominal striae, moon facies, buffalo hump
Cushing Syndrome
Deficiency in mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoids leading to weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, hyperpigmentation and hyperkalemia
Addison Disease
Graves, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, amiodarone, postpartum thyrotoxicosis, postvitral thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto thyroiditis
hypothyroidism
WBC count >50,000, most common childhood malignancy, a/w B cell cancer and down syndrome
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Leukemia a/w auer rods, myeloperoxidase, esterase, age>60, elevated LDH
AML
Most common leukemia, functionally incompetent lymphocytes that accumulate in bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
CLL
clonal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells leading to leukocytosis with excess granulocytes and basophils. WBC>100,000
CML
Malignant disorder of B lymphoytes with unclear cause. Affects older males
Hairy cell leukemia
hypochromic, microcytic
iron def anemia
macrocytic, hyperchromic, vit b12 and folate deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
factor 8 deficiency, most common inherited bleeding disorder. Prolonged PTT and BT
Von Willebrand Disease
Deposition of fibrin in small blood vessels causing thrombosis and end organ damage. Depletes clotting factors and platelets causing increased peripheral bleeding
DIC
Platelet microthromibi block small vessels causing RBC fragmentation/hemolysis. Platelet transfusion contraindicated
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
Anaphylactic and atopic, IgE and mast cells
Type 1 hypersensitivity
cytotoxic/Ab mediated, IgM and IgG bind to an AG–>MAC
Type 2 hypersensitivity
immune complex, Ag-Ab complex activate compliment
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Delayed/Cell mediated, Sensitized lymphocytes
Type 4 hypersensitivity
Multinucleate giant cells on Tzanck Smear; virus remains dormant in local nerve ganglia
Herpes Simplex
Tiny waxy papules with central umbilication
Molluscum contagiosum
Malassezia furfur, spaghetti and meatballs on KOH
tinea versicolor
Full thickness blister in BM
bullous pemphigoid
intraepidermal blisters, antidesmoglein, +nikolsky sign
pemphigous vulgaris
violaceous lesions +koebener’s phenomenon
Lichen planus
Red macules, papules or nodules caused by vascular proliferation due to HHV-8. Common in HIV
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
