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History yr9 CCT 1 > Medicine on the Western Front > Flashcards

Medicine on the Western Front Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Wilhelm Rongten discover?

A

x-rays

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2
Q

Which surgeon pioneered the use of antiseptic surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

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3
Q

In what year did Joseph Lister publish the results of his work?

A

1867

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4
Q

Which major surgical problem was unsolved by 1900?

A

blood loss

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5
Q

What is the difference between antiseptic and aseptic surgery?

A

antiseptic destroys germs, aseptic aims to achieve a sterile environment

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6
Q

When did Rongten make his discovery?

A

1895

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7
Q

What was Karl Landsteiner’s important discovery?

A

He discovered blood groups.

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8
Q

Which breakthrough by Louis Pasteur inspired the breakthrough in antiseptic surgery?

A

He recognised that germs were causing illness.

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9
Q

Why would aseptic surgery be important on the Western Front?

A

It saved materials by preventing infection in the first place.

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10
Q

Why was aseptic surgery very difficult to achieve on the western front?

A

Insanitary conditions

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11
Q

Why would blood transfusions be so important?

A

A lot of wounds would leave bleeding gashes which were a huge cause of death.

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12
Q

Why were X-ray machines vital pieces of equipment for surgeons on the Western Front?

A

They allowed surgeons to identify what bone was broken and where it was.

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13
Q

What is one problem that would need to be solved in order to make blood transfusions even more valuable?

A

blood clotting

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14
Q

What problem did treating wounds and infections tackle?

A

Bacteria could produce infection.

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15
Q

What was the improvement or method in treating wounds or infections?

A

Aseptic surgery was invented to completely prevent infection.

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16
Q

What were the benefits of development in treating wounds and infection?

A

More resources could be diverted elsewhere - little need for antiseptic surgery.

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17
Q

What problem did Thomas Splint / Owen Thomas tackle?

A

Broken bones would deform if not supported.

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18
Q

What was the improvement or method of Thomas Splint / Owen Thomas?

A

Adding steel bars to fractured bones to keep them straight.

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19
Q

What was the benefit of the development from Thomas Splint / Owen Thomas?

A

Drastically increased survival rates.

20
Q

What problem did mobile x-ray machines tackle?

A

Helped locate bullets, shrapnel and worse in the body = less chance of infection if removed quickly.

21
Q

What was the improvement or method in x-ray?

A

By 1916, most CCSs and hospitals had x-ray equipment.

22
Q

What were the benefits of mobile x-ray machines?

A

less infections (fragments removed quickly)

23
Q

What problem did blood transfusion tackle?

A

Bleeding out was a common consequence of gun wounds.

24
Q

What was the improvement or method of blood transfusion?

A

Surgeons could afford to patch wounds more precisely as they could give more blood back.

25
Q

What were the benefits of development blood transfusion?

A

Less bleeding caused less death.

26
Q

What problem did plastic surgery tackle?

A

Severe deformations of the face from injuries.

27
Q

What was the improvement or method in plastic surgery?

A

Cartilage could be replaced.

28
Q

What was the benefit of the development of plastic surgery?

A

People could regain their looks and confidence.

29
Q

What problem did brain surgery tackle?

A

Head injuries were common in the trenches.

30
Q

What was the improvement or method of brain surgery?

A

X-rays could now be used to identify areas of the brain.

31
Q

What was the benefit of the development of brain surgery?

A

More soldiers could be healthy enough to cope in the army.

32
Q

What was wound excision or debridement?

A

The cutting away of dead, damaged and infected tissue from around the site of the wound.

33
Q

What injury or infection could wound excision help and why?

A

It could prevent infections such as Tetanus because it quickly stopped it from spreading to places like the spine where it could cause paralysis.

34
Q

What injury or infection could amputation help and why?

A

Most likely gangrene, because gangrene spread throughout the skin and it was visible which area should be amputated to stop the spread.

35
Q

What was the Carrel-Dakin method?

A

Using sterilised salt solution in the wound through a tube.

36
Q

What injury or infection could the Carrel-Dakin method help?

A

Most useful for smaller less serious wounds as it would quickly sterilise the soldiers for getting back on the front line.

37
Q

What development to medicine on the Western Front did Lawrence Bruce Robertson make?

A

Pioneered use of blood transfusions. Used the indirect method (a syringe and tube was used to transfer blood from the donor to the patient).

38
Q

What development to medicine on the Western Front did Geoffrey Keynes make?

A

Designed a portable blood transfusion kit. Added a device to the blood bottle which helped prevent clotting.

39
Q

What development to medicine on the Western Front did Richard Lewisohn make?

A

Discovered that by adding sodium citrate to blood, patients no longer needed to be in the same room as the donor.

40
Q

What development to medicine on the Western Front did Richard Weil make?

A

Discovered that blood with sodium citrate could be refrigerated and stored for up to two days.

41
Q

What development to medicine on the Western Front did Francis Rous and James Turner make?

A

Found that by adding a citrate glucose solution to blood, it could be stored for up to four weeks.

42
Q

What development to medicine on the Western Front did Oswald Hope Robertson make?

A

Saved 11 out of 20 men with 26 day old blood.

43
Q

What did Hugh Owen Thomas invent?

A

A splint to stop joints from moving (The Thomas Splint).

44
Q

What would surgeons do with 2 x-rays?

A

Take them from different angles to help the surgeon identify the location of shrapnel and bullets.

45
Q

What were 3 problems with x-rays in WW1?

A

1) Couldn’t detect all objects of the body.
2) Length of time men had to stay still.
3) Tubes used in x-ray machines were fragile and overheated quite quickly.

46
Q

What did Harvey Cushing do?

A

Cushing found new techniques in brain surgery, and tried to find a solution for removing shrapnel from the brain.

47
Q

What did Harold Gillies do and why?

A

He developed plastic surgery because head injuries which didn’t kill could cause severe disfigurement.

History yr9 CCT 1 (2 decks)

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