Medicine - modern Flashcards
What did Booth do?
- conducted research in London, between 1886 and 1903. After interviews with the poor, doctors, teachers and priests, he came to the conclusion that 30% of people in London lived in poverty.
- produced a collection of reports entitled ‘Life and Labour of the People in London ‘.
What did Booth’s findings lead prove?
His findings proved that poverty led to illness and death and that the poor were not to blame for the condition they found themselves in.
What did Rowntree do?
- conducted research in York between 1899-1901. He reached the conclusion that 30% of people in York lived in poverty and that they needed to earn 21s per week to stay out of poverty. If they earned less than 21 shillings per week, he said that they were living below the ‘poverty line’.
- produced a report entitled ‘Poverty, A Study of Town Life’. He claimed that people could not help being poor and that large families helped to cause poverty.
What key points were identified from Booth and Rowntree’s reports?
- up to 30 per cent of the population of cities were living on or below the poverty line.
- people could not pull themselves out of poverty by themselves
- Booth and Rowntree both identified the main causes of poverty as being illness and unemployment
- age was also a major factor: both the very young and the old were most at risk of poverty
What did Gillies do?
pioneered new skin graft techniques.
describe one of Gillies’ techniques
he moved a patch of skin on the face, called a pedicle. He left the veins attached to it, so it still had a blood supply and could successfully be attached to a different part of the face.
What new treatments/ better surgery was there because of WW1? (5)
- blood transfusions - sodium citrate was added to packages of blood. This stopped it from clotting straight away and meant blood could be stored for a short period of time.
- X rays - surgeons could see what internal injuries a patient had, meaning surgery could be better planned and was safer.
- Amputations and prosthetic limbs - thousands of soldiers had limbs amputated and new and more sophisticated artificial - prosthetic - limbs were designed
- Infection- improved because surgeons worked out that the best way to prevent infection was by cutting away infected parts and soaking wound in salty solution
- Broken bones- army leg splint was developed, which elevated and extended a broken leg
How did Fleming discover penicillin?
1928- studying the staphylococci bacteria
He left some dishes on the windowsill containing the bacteria and went on holiday.
Above his laboratory, a scientist was working with penicillin mould.
While Fleming was away, some penicillin mould landed on the dishes
On his return, Fleming inspected the dishes and noticed that the penicillin mould had killed the staphylococci bacteria underneath.
After carrying out several further experiments with the penicillin mould, Fleming noticed that it could kill bacteria without harming other nearby cells.
He experimented and successfully used penicillin to treat a friend’s eye infection.
Penicillin did not work on deeper infections and it took a long time to create enough to use.
In 1929, Fleming wrote about his findings in a medical journal but did not continue with his study.
What did Florey and Chain do?
- secured money from government to research into penicillin
- discovered that penicillin was able to cure infections in mice
- started work using
bedpans to build a home penicillin factory in which to create pure penicillin - Tested it on a policeman and the treatment worked and the infection began to clear up but ran out of pure penicillin after a week and the policeman died.
- they had shown that penicillin could be successful in treating bacterial infections.
What did McIndoe do?
- worked with soldiers who had suffered severe facial injuries, especially from burns.
- treated the physical injuries.
- supported soldiers who had difficulties with their mental health as a result of severe disfigurement from physical injuries.
-set up guinea pig club
What did the guinea pig club do?
The club organised social events. It also helped recovering soldiers adapt to civilian life and learn to live with their injuries. The club became well known and was visited by the war-time prime minister, Winston Churchill.
how did heart surgery progress during ww2?
- Dwight Harken cut into beating hearts to remove bullets, which helped heart surgery progress
how did plastic surgery progress during ww2?
- McIndoe used new drugs like penicillin to prevent infection when treating facial injuries
how did blood transfusions progress during ww2?
- British National Blood Transfusion Service set up 1938 and large blood banks were developed
Describe the 5 technology improvements during this period
- transplants - first heart transplant took place in 1967 and patient lived for 18 days
- imaging technology - played a huge part in earlier, clearer diagnosis
- laser surgery - used especially for eye operations and cancers
- keyhole surgery - done through a small cut in the body
- replacements - hip replacements introduced in 1972
