Medicine Industrial

Question 1

In what year did Florence Nightingale begin to improve hospitals?

Answer 1

1854

Question 2

‘Note on Nursing’ publication year

Answer 2

1859

Question 3

‘Note on Nursing’ coverage/content

Answer 3

explained her methods, emphasised the need for hygiene and professional attitude.

Question 4

Before vaccination, how did ppl prevent small pox?

Answer 4

Inoculation - making a cut in someone’s arm and soaking the cut in puss from someone with mild version of small pox

Question 5

Why did E Jenner use cow pox?

Answer 5

He noticed that milkmaid who worked near cows did not get small pox

Question 6

How and when did Jenner test his theory?

Answer 6

1796, injected a boy called James Phipps with cow pox and then infected him with small pox. James did not catch small pox.

Question 7

Jenner’s findings publication date

Answer 7

1798

Question 8

What did Parliament give Jenner 1802?

Answer 8

£10 000 to open a vaccination clinic.

Question 9

When were vaccinations made compulsory?

Answer 9

1853

Question 10

Germ theory - explain

Answer 10

Originally ppl thought that germs were created by decaying matter. This was known as spontaneous generation. Germ theory states that microorganisms known as pathogens or “germs” can lead to disease. These small organisms, too small to be seen without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts.

Question 11

How did L Pasteur discover germ theory?

Answer 11

1857 - employed to find explanation for the souring of sugar beet used in fermented industrial alcohol - he blamed germs.
He proved there were germs in the air by sterilised water experiment - the one kept in a closed flask stayed sterile, the open one bred germs.
1861 - Germ Theory published: microbes in the air caused decay; suggested that some caused disease
1867 - published evidence that germs caused disease in silk worms

Question 12

Robert Koch - anthrax bacteria when?

Answer 12

1876

Question 13

Difference between Koch and Pasteur

Answer 13

Pasteur - germs caused diseases
Koch - specific germs caused specific disease
P - French, K - German - rivarly

Question 14

Pasteur - what vaccines did he develop?

Answer 14

Anthrax and Rabies, remember pasteurisation

Question 15

Anaesthetics - timeline

Answer 15

solved problem of pain
1799 - nitrous oxide identified (ignored)
1842 - ether, however irritant and fairly explosive
1847 - James Simpson and Co were doing drugs and discovered effects of chloroform - faster
1853 - Q Victoria birth of 8th child with use of chloroform - popularity

Question 16

Anaesthetics - effect - death rates

Answer 16

Surgeons tried longer and more complex surgeries - higher death rates from infection
‘Black period of surgery’

Question 17

Antiseptics - development

Answer 17

Joseph Lister - carbolic acid sprays used in sewage kept down the smell
early 1860s - tried in operating theatres and noticed reduced infection rates
1865 - heard about germ theory; started using the spray on instruments and bandages too;
reduced death rates from 50% 1864-1866 to around 15% in 1867 - 1870