Medicine In The Renaissance In England Flashcards
What 5 factors influenced new ideas about CAUSE in the Renaissance?
- Institutions (THE CHURCH) Protestant Reformation (less church power)
- CHANGING ATTITUDES IN SOCIETY - Humanism - “human beings could make up their own minds when discovering answers to questions.”
- Institutions (MEDICAL SOCIETIES) The Royal Society - scientist communication and carry out new research
- TECHNOLOGY -Microscopes and other technology such as the printing press
- INDIVIDUALS - Thomas Sydenham - observed symptoms as a whole and treated the diseases causing them, helped to move away from Hippocrates and Galen
What were examples of change regarding cause?
- Sydenham: “diseases were external”
- Harvey: blood circulated around the body instead of being made in the liver
- God did not cause disease
- Fracastoro: disease was spread by by seeds in the air
What were 3 examples of continuity regarding cause?
- Miasma
-Astrology - less popular but still used - Four Humours still believed in by members of the public, physicians still used this as THEY WANTED TO GET PAID.
What did Thomas Sydenham do, and when?
1676 - Published his book ‘Observations Medicae’, theorising that diseases were separate from the patient, rather than being caused by something the patient did
When was the printing press made and why was it so significant?
1440, by Gutenberg. Allowed medical ideas to be spread through books easily
When was the Royal Society made and what did they do?
1660, scientists published their work in the Philosophical journal meaning ideas could be spread between scientists all around Europe. Charles III gave them a royal charter - more trusted.
What were the 2 main continuities in Renaissance treatment?
- Rebalancing Humours - bleeding, purging, sweating still used (all used on King Charles II)
- Herbal Remedies
What were the 3 main changes in Renaissance treatment?
- New idea of transference - that a disease could be passed on to something else
- Herbal remedies now used based on colour or shape and new remedies introduced such as Ipecac
- Iatrochemistry - salts, metals and minerals used for treatment
What were the 3 main continuities in Renaissance prevention?
- Miasma
- Regimen Sanitatis
- Cleanliness
What were the 3 main changes in Renaissance prevention?
- Miasma now more about changing surroundings
- New ideas in Regimen Sanitatis (doing all things in moderation, laziness, alcohol)
- Bathing a lot less popular as syphilis spread a lot in bathhouses
What were the 3 main continuities in Renaissance care in the community?
- Physicians
- Apothecaries
- Surgeons
What were the 3 main changes in Renaissance care in the community?
- Greater education - Physicians trained at universities, New remedies sold at apothecaries due to iatrochemistry
- Introduction to anatomy (Versalius)
- Easier to share and spread ideas - printing press
What were the 2 main continuities in Renaissance hospital care?
- Most still treated at home
- Disease specific houses (Medieval - lazar houses, Renaissance - pest houses)
What were the 3 main changes in Renaissance hospital care?
- More hospitals
- Hospitals no longer owned by church (dissolution of monasteries)
- People could expect better treatment at hospitals
What did Andreas Vesalius do? (4 things + counter argument)
- Introduced Anatomy
- Carried out dissections on executed criminals and found around 300 mistakes in Galen’s work
- Published the ‘Fabric of the Human Body’ in 1543 which provided anatomical drawings of the human body
- Published ‘Six Anatomical Tables’ in 1538 which showed the different parts of the Human Body
- SOME STILL CONVINCED BY GALEN’S WORK AS HE ONLY WROTE IN LATIN MEANING ONLY EDUCATED PEOPLE COULD READ HIS BOOKS
What did William Harvey do and what were the impacts?
- Proved that blood circulated around the body by carrying out dissections on real bodies
- IMMEDIATE IMPACTS: inspired some other scientists to carry out dissection. Little use on treating and diagnosing.
- LONG TERM IMPACTS: his book “De Moto Cordis” (1628) changed the way people understood anatomy and helped to improve surgery
What were 5 changes in prevention when dealing with the Great Plague in 1665?
- Many victims were shut up with their family members, not just themselves.
- Various diets (fasting)
- Plague doctors wore masks
- Get syphilis on purpose
- Wardens monitored the spread of disease
What were 4 continuities in prevention when dealing with the Great Plague in 1665?
- Prayer
- Running away
- Carrying a pomander
-Quarantine
What were 2 changes in treatment when dealing with the Great Plague in 1665?
- Patients wrapped in woollen clothes to sweat it out
- Transference
What were 2 continuities in treatment when dealing with the Great Plague in 1665?
- Herbal Remedies
- Popping buboes
