Medicine I exam III

Question 1

cough center

Answer 1

medulla oblongata

Question 2

afferent portion cough reflex pharynx

Answer 2

cranial nerve IX

Question 3

afferent portion cough reflex other sites

Answer 3

cranial nerve X

Question 4

efferent portion of cough reflex

Answer 4

sympathetic trunk

cervicothoracic motor nerves

Question 5

obstructive breathing pattern

Answer 5

diminished ability to move air

exaggerated inspiratory effort

Question 6

restrictive breathing pattern

Answer 6

common w/ effusions
decreased lung compliance
rapid shallow breaths (small tidal volume)

Question 7

dyspnea

Answer 7

difficult or labored breathing

Question 8

tachypnea

Answer 8

increased rate of breathing

Question 9

orthopnea

Answer 9

standing or sitting in way to improve ability to breathe
sit in sternal
stand w/ elbows out and neck extended

Question 10

apnea

Answer 10

cessation of breathing

Question 11

stridor

Answer 11

harsh high pitched inspiratory sound
laryngeal paralysis dogs
wheeze over larynx/trachea

Question 12

stertor

Answer 12

congested nasal or nasopharyngeal sound
cats w/ URI
snoring like congestion of URT

Question 13

when is panting normal in a cat

Answer 13

NEVER

Question 14

wheezes

Answer 14

continuous throughout respiratory cycle
whistle
mucus vibrates as air passes over it
large bronchi: low pitched
small bronchi: high pitched/squeaky
partial obstruction of bronchi by edema or secretions
expiratory airways sounds secondary to narrowing of bronchus - increased secretions/inflammation

Question 15

crackles

Answer 15

opening of alveoli/small airways collapsed or partially filled w/ fluid 
discontinuous /interrupted 
inspiration - fine popping sounds 
pneumonia + heart failure 
pulmonary edema, pneumonia, hemorrhage

Question 16

moist crackles

Answer 16

air passing through low viscosity fluid

forms bubbles

Question 17

absence respiratory sounds ventrally

Answer 17

pleural effusion

fluid line auscultated

Question 18

absence respiratory sounds dorsally

Answer 18

pneumothorax

Question 19

respiratory distress

Answer 19

treat w/ oxygen

Question 20

respiratory distress signs

Answer 20

RR >50
open mouth breathing
orthopneic position
reluctant to move
cough, wheezes, short shallow breaths
pale cyanotic MM

Question 21

epistaxis

Answer 21

local processes 
- aspergillosis (younger dog) 
- nasal adenocarcinoma (older dog) 
systemic processes- rule out first
- hypertension 
- thrombocytopenia

Question 22

epistaxis diagnostics

Answer 22

check platelets
check clotting times (PTT/PT)
check blood pressure