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Oral surgery > Medicine general > Flashcards

Medicine general Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic obstructive lung disease with bronchiolar inflammation, and hyper-responsiveness.

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2
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Autosomal Recessive disease that results in altered chloride and water transport across epithelial cells

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3
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive lung disease, irreversible. Includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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4
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

acute obstruction in the pulmonary arterial vasculature leading to V/F mismatch

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5
Q

COVID

A

Viral disease causing by SARV-CoV2 with major systemic implications including lung disease

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6
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A

IgE mediated inflammatory process of the nasopharynx, oropharynx with allergen exposure

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7
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A

Loss of renal fx over hours / days due to disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis.

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8
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

Permanent renal insufficiency that develops over months / years. Caused by structural intrinsic damage of the glomerulus or tubulo-interstitial system.

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9
Q

Anemia

A

Reduction in quantitive of RBCs

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10
Q

Leukemia

A

Blood cancer of the WBC lineage in the bone marrow

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11
Q

Hemophilia A

A

X-linked recessive causing deficiency of factor 8

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12
Q

Von WIllebrand

A

Congenital platelet bleeding disorder due to the dysfunction of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)

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13
Q

Anti-thrombin III Def

A

Inherited Def of antithrombin III leading to increase risk of recurrent thrombosis (DVP, PE)

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14
Q

Lymphoma

A

Blood cancer of the WBC lineage in the lymphatic system (*unlike Leukemia which is within the bone marrow)

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15
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Bone cancer of plasma B cells in the bone marrow - producing monoclonal immunoglobins

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16
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)

A

Autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by the production of auto-antibodies. Systems affected: joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, and blood cells.

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17
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Autoimmune disease attack on the joints. Progressive destruction of joint, bone, articular cartilage

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18
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Painful Degenerative process involving progressive deterioration of articular cartilage and remodeling of subcondral bone (NON INFLAMMATORY)

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19
Q

Obesity

A

Abnormally high amount of adipose tissue compared with lean muscle mass with excess body weight > 20% over the predicated ideal body weight

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20
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Inheritable myopathies causing progressive death of muscle fibers

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21
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (=M. Gravis)

A

Autoimmune disorder affecting the nicotinic ACH receptor at the NM-jxn (=”motor end-plate”). Signs: weakness and rapid fatigue of skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Ehler-Danlos Syndrome

A

Genetic connective tissue (CT) disease causing a defect in fibrillar collagen. Affects, skin, tendons (hyper-mobility) blood vessels (bleeding), viscera (aortic fragility). POTS = postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome - fast heart rate when standing up.

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23
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

autosomal dominant CT disorder affecting fibrin.
Affecting: cardiac (aortic dilation and Mitral regurgitation, skeletal and ocular issues

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24
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

A condition in which the thyroid gland is hyperactive. Manifistation including sweating, cardiac issues (tachycardia, contractility), increase BP, weight loss, diarrhea, restlessness, heat intolerance

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25
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Autoimmune condition resulting in hyperstimulation of TSH receptors from auto-antibodies

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26
Q

Thyroid storm

A

Acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that is life-threatening

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27
Q

Myxedema

A

=hypothyrodism: Condition where the thyroid gland has decreased production of the thyroid hormone resulting in low T3 and T4.

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28
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroditis

A

Autoimmune hypothyroidism caused of destruction of thyroid gland.

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29
Q

Type 1 DM

A

=insulin dependent diabetes. Autoimmune Metabolic disease: Loss of insulin producing beta cells of the islet of Langerhan in the pancreas

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30
Q

Type 2 DM

A

Metabolic disease of altered number and affinity of peripheral insulin receptions.

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31
Q

DKA

A

metabolic condition secondary to insulin shortage. Results in hypoglycemia, Ketoanemia, anion gap.

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32
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Metabolic condition of excessive free plasma corticosteroids

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33
Q

Addision’s disease

A

metabolic condition of insufficient glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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34
Q

ALS = amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Progressive neurodegenrative disease of upper and lower motor neurons

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35
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of cortical ability and formation of amyloid plaques

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36
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Neurodegenerative disease cause by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Clinically: tremors and rigidity

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37
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

autoimmune demyelination of the CNS

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38
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

Continuous episode of prolonged seizure activity

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39
Q

CVA = Cerebrovascular Accident = stroke

A

Cerebral ischemia / hemorrhage causing neurological deficits

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40
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

a primary Decrease in HCO3 (bicarb)

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41
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

A primary increase in HCO3 (bicarb)

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42
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Primary increase in PaCO2

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43
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Primary decrease in PaCO2

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44
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Na+ < 135

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45
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Na+ > 145

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46
Q

HypoKalemia

A

K+ < 3.5

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47
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

K+ > 5.5

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48
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Ca+ <8.5

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49
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Ca+ > 10.2

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50
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Behavior disorder characterized by SIGECAPs for > 2 weeks.
(sleep, interest, guilt, energy, cognition, appetite, suicide)

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51
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Mental disorder characterized by states of depression and mania

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52
Q

Serotonin syndrome

A

Adverse drug reaction producing excess serotenergic effects of CNS

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53
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

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54
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by purposeful restricted caloric intact due to dysmorphic body image. symp: lower weight, BMI < 18.5

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55
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psych disorder characterized by chronic psychosis and hallucinations (has positive and negative symptoms).

56
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A

Fetal reaction to dopamine antagonist (for tx of psychophrenia): caused by depletion of dopamine in the CNS

57
Q

Pre-Eclampsia

A

Pregnancy related condition: abnormal placental implantation. HTN + Proteinuria

58
Q

Eclampsia

A

Pregnancy related severe pre-eclampsia characterized by seizures / coma

59
Q

HELLP syndrome

A

Pregnancy related syndrome characterized by hemolylsis, elevated liver transaminases, low platelet counts.

60
Q

HIV

A

Systemic infection caused by RNA retrovirus infecting CD4 cells causing immune- suppression
*can progress to AIDS

61
Q

Cocaine

A

Amphetamine that blocks the reuptake of NE, Serotonin, and Dopamine leading to euphoria .

62
Q

Bath Salts

A

Drugs with the active ingredient is: Cathianoines (amphetamine analog)

63
Q

Hypotension

A

BP < 90/60 or systolic drop of 25% of baseline

64
Q

Tachycardia

A

HR > 100

65
Q

Bradycardia

A

HR < 60

66
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain due to inadquent blood supply to the myocardium

67
Q

Acute coronary sydrome

A

Unsable angina / MI

68
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Rapid heartbeat originating from one of the ventricles of the heart 150-200

69
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

uncoordinated fluttering of ventricles leading to cessation of cardiac output.

70
Q

Pulseless electrical activity

A

PEA without sufficient mechanical contraction to produce a palpable pulse

71
Q

Torsades de Pointes

A

Atypical VT with polymporphic QRS

72
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

Hyper-metabolic state that occurs on exposure to volatile anesthetics agents and succinylcholine.

73
Q

Laryngospasm

A

Spasm of the glottis muscles including the false and true vocal chords

74
Q

Bronchospasm

A

Lower airway obstruction due to contraction and spasm of bronchial smooth muscle.

75
Q

emesis

A

oral expulsion of GI contents

76
Q

HTN

A

vascular disease characterized by Persistently elevated blood pressure

77
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

plaque accumulation in peripheral arteries leading to thrombosis and claudication

78
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque accumulation in arteries

79
Q

CAD (coronary artery disease)

A

accumulation of plaque that could lead to hypoperfusion of myocardium

80
Q

MI (myocardial infraction)

A

decrease cardiac perfusion due to blockage in the coronary artery system

81
Q

Angina

A

Reversible hypo-perfusion of the coronary artery system

82
Q

CHF

A

failure of the heart to meet its metabolic demands

83
Q

aortic stenosis

A

cardiac disorder characterized by restricted blood flow through the aorta (leading to dyspnea, angina, syndome)

84
Q

Endocarditis

A

cardiac condition characterized by bacteremia leading to vegetation at the cardiac valves

85
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

abnormal electric foci in the atrium leading to irregularly irregular rhythm

86
Q

TACO

A

Transfusion associated cardiac overload

87
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Pulmonary hypertension causing right heart failure

88
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

chronic disease of heart muscles (can be dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive)

89
Q

Bronchitis

A

chronic respiratory disease characterized by chronic cough and mucus production > 3 months for 2 consecutive years

90
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by destruction of the terminal alveoli

91
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

Respiratory disease characterized by loss of elastic recoil (ex - sarcoidosis)

92
Q

Sleep Apena

A

Respiratory disease characterized by cessation of breathing during sleep (can be OSA or central apnea)

93
Q

ARDS

A

Pulmonary disease characterized by diffuse inflammatory lung injury leading to respiratory failure

94
Q

pneumonia

A

Respiratory disease characterized by infection leading to alveoli inflammation

95
Q

TRALI (transfusion related Acute lung injury)

A

lung disease caused by massive transfusion mimicking ARDS and causing respiratory failure

96
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air or blood trapped in pleural space causing collapse of lung parenchyma

97
Q

TB (tuberculosis)

A

Lung disease caused by bacterial infection resulting in granulomatous formations in the lungs

98
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

genetic disorder causing sickling of the RBBs leading to hemolysis

99
Q

polycythemia vera

A

increased in RBCs > 55%

100
Q

Hemophilia B

A

X linked genetic bleeding disorder characterized by deficiency of factor 9

101
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

bleeding disorder characterized by extreme clotting

102
Q

Thalassemia

A

genetic bleeding disorder with absent Alpha/Beta globulin leading to microcytic anemia

103
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

A

bleeding disorder which destroys RBCs faster than the body can make them. Avoid NSAIDS

104
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

Neurologic disorder characterized by motor disorder with spasticity, dyskinesia, ataxia.

105
Q

Epilepsy

A

neurologic disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity causing at least 2 unprovoked seizures <24 hrs

106
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS / Lou Gehrigs)

A

Neurologic disease affedcting hte peripheral neurons leading lack of motor function

107
Q

Syncope

A

Temporary LOC due to hypo-perfusion to brain (neurogenic, cariogenic, vasovagal)

108
Q

Juvenile arthritis

A

Joint inflammation and stiffness for >6 wks in <16yo. *usually will be negative for RH factor

109
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Autoimmune condition causing non-caseating granuloma.
*associated with restrictive lung disease

110
Q

AIDS

A

Infection caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is once the CD count is below 200 cell / mm^3

111
Q

Hypersensitivity 1

A

IgE mediated anaphylactic response due to release of histamine from mast cells and basophils

112
Q

Hypersensitivity 2

A

IgG or IgM directed complement attack against cell surface antigens

113
Q

Hypersensitivity 3

A

antigen/antibody complex deposition

114
Q

Hypersensitivity 4

A

Delayed T cell mediated attack to allergen

115
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

A

Reflux of acidic stomach contents to esophagus

116
Q

Hepatitis

A

Viral disease causing liver inflammation and destruction.
A Fecal-oral, B DNA Virus, C RNA Virus, D Dependent on B, E

117
Q

Cirrhosis

A

End stage liver disease (ESLD) characterized by fibrosis of the liver

118
Q

Crohn’s

A

Autoimmune GI disease characterized by patchy inflammation of the entire GI tract

119
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Autoimmune inflammation of the colon

120
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammatory outpouching of large intestine

121
Q

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic disease by mutation of dystrophin gene leading to progressive loss of skeletal muscle function

122
Q

Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OSD)

A
123
Q

Anxiety

A

Behavior disorder characterized by inappropriate reaction to normal stimulus - impeding daily function

124
Q

ADHD

A

behavior disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity

125
Q

Autism

A

behavior disorder characterized by spectrum of symptoms affecting social interaction

126
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (PTH)

A

Endocrine disorder of elevate PTH caused by something OUTSIDE the parathyroid gland. Usually CKD -> inability to convert vit D -> inadequent Ca+ absorption -> elevated PTH

127
Q

Goldenhar

A

oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum disorder that is synonymous with hemifacial microsomia. +CL/CP

128
Q

Hemifacial microsomia mechanism

A

Clotting of the stapedius artery during development leads to underdevelopment of the mandible and condyle. + CL/CP

129
Q

Treacher Collins

A

Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mandibulofacial dysostosis, coloboma, hypoplastic mandible and zygomas. +CL/CP

130
Q

Cleidocranial dysplasia

A

Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by shortened clavicles, prognathia, maxillary hypoplasia, frontal bossing, multiple supernumerary teeth.

131
Q

Gardner’s syndrome

A

Autosomal Dominant syndrome characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the colon, osteomas, supernumerary teeth, epidermoid cysts, fibromas. *leading to high rates of colon cancer.

132
Q

Nevoid Basal Cell

A

Autosomal Dominant Syndrome characterized by multiple BCCa, OKCs, palmar/plantar pits, bifid rib, calcified falx cerebri.

133
Q

Pierre Robin

A

Autosomal Dominant Syndrome Characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction/constriction, +CP

134
Q

Crouzon

A

Autosomal Dominant Syndrome associated with craniosynostosis
at the coronal suture, midface hypoplasia, hypertelorism

135
Q

Noonan syndrome

A

Autosomal Dominant syndrome characterized by hypertelorism, cardiac disorders, bleeding disorders, and short stature.

136
Q

Trisomy 21

A

developmental disorder characterized by distinct physical characteristics manifesting in facial, cardiac, skeletal features

137
Q
A

Oral surgery (3 decks)

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