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ABOMS Oral Boards > Medicine / Anesthesia > Flashcards

Medicine / Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-Surgical Recs to Diabetic

A
  • NPO for 12 h (delay gastric emptying)
  • AM appointments
  • Hold oral hypoglycemics day of surgery
  • Hold metformin for IV contrast or renal hypoperfusion
  • D5 gtt ready
  • Hold fast acting insulin, 50% of slow
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2
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A
  • BG > 500 + metabolic acidosis + ketonemia

Tx:
- IV 0.9% NS
- insulin regular
- Replace K (insulin pushes K inracellularly)
- Bicarb if ph <7

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3
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Sx: fatigue, malaise, trembling, cold sweats, confusion, coma
Tx:
- oral glucose if conscious
- if unconscious - IV D5W (up to 500 ml), D50 (up to 50 ml), or glucagon (0.1mg/kg)

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4
Q

Hypertension

A
  • > 2 BP readings >140/90 on > 2 occasions OR BP >200/100

Classification
- Normal <120/80
- Elevated <130/80
- Stage 1 <140/90
- Stage 2 > 140/90

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5
Q

Causes of Hypertension

A

Essential HTN
- Stress
- Smoking
- Obesity
- EtOH
- Aging

Secondary
- Pheochromocytoma
- Cushing Syndrome
- Renal disease
- Pre-eclampsia

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6
Q

Perioperative Management of Hypertension

A
  • Defer tx if BP > 180/110
  • Chronic HTN patients keep taking meds
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7
Q

Alzheimers

A
  • Disease of dementia
  • 2/2 accumulation of neurofibrilary tangles and plaques
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8
Q

Parkinsons

A
  • Disease of tremors, rigidity, coordination, and impairment due to decrease in dopamine neurons
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9
Q

Hypertensive Crisis Treatment

A
  • Hospital / Activate EMS
    Tx
  • nitroprusside
  • propranolol
  • nitroglycerin
  • nicardipine
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10
Q

Hypotension

A
  • decrease in arterial pressure > 20%
  • bradycardia seen early
  • tachycardia seen late
  • decrease cardiac output and organ perfusion
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11
Q

Hypotension Treatment

A
  • supine/trendelenburg, elevate legs
  • 100% O2
  • ASA monitors - NIBP, EKG, pulse ox

IV
- atropine - .01 mg/kg up to 0.5mg (if bradycardic)
- ephedrine 5-10mg q5mins
- phenylephrine 0.1 mg if tachycardic

Treat cause:
- syncope/anxiety
- CAD/MI
- Drugs
- Hypercarbia
- Hypoxia
- decrease volume

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12
Q

Bleeding Disorders

A
  • Von Willebrands
  • Hemophilia A and B
  • Sickle Cell
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13
Q

Von Willebrands

A
  • Most common bleeding disorder - Factor VIII and vWF deficiency
  • Type 1 - AD, 85%, quantitative
  • Type 2 - AD, 15%, qualitative
  • Type 3 - AR, rare, vWF absent

Tx:
- DDAVP - increases vWF release from endothelium
- Severe - cryoprecipitate (VIII, XII, vWF + fibrinogen) + post operative amicar (inhibits fibrinolysis)

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14
Q

Hemophilia A

A
  • Sex linked deficiency in Factor VIII
  • Clinical manifestations when less than 80% factor
  • 80% most common hemophilia

Tx:
- mild - DDAVP - increases vWF release from endothelium + VIII
- Severe - cryoprecipitate (VIII, XII, vWF + fibrinogen) + post operative amicar (inhibits fibrinolysis)

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15
Q

Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)

A
  • Sex linked deficiency in Factor IX
  • 20% most common hemophilia

Tx:
- FFP (II, VII, IX, X)
- Severe - IV Proplex (II, VII, IX, X in concentration)

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16
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • AR in Hb where deoxygenated Hb polymerizes and precipitates in conditions of decreased O2 or dehydration and results in painful occlusive crises
    -Shortened life span of RBCs causes sequestration by spleen -> splenic infarction -> immune compromised to encapsulated organisms (S. pneumo, H influenza)

Tx:
- folic acid increase RBC production
- hydroxyurea drives HbF formation

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17
Q

Transfusion Reactions

A
  • cross agglutination of blood by Ab’s in plasma
  • 1/3000 due to clerical errors

Signs/Symptoms
- fever
- hypotension
- sweats/chills
- hives
- anapylaxis/dyspnea
- rigors
- vomiting
- flank pain
- headache

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18
Q

Transfusion Reaction Types

A
  1. Acute hemolytic - immune mediated
  2. Hemolytic - non-immune mediated
  3. Non-hemolytic
  4. Allergic reactions - IgE meditated
  5. Ag contamination
  6. Delayed reactions
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19
Q

Initial Therapy of Transfusion Reactions

A
  • Maintain BP and renal perfusion
  • IVF - NS
  • Strict I/Os - monitor urine output
  • Nephrology consult early
  • Initial diuresis - 40-80 mg lasix - want urine output > 100ml/hr
  • Mannitol for osmotic diuresis
  • Dialysis - monitor for K from hemolysis
  • Benadryl/steroids
  • Dialysis
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20
Q

Epilepsy and Seizures

A
  • Epilepsy = 2 or more unprovoked seizures in a lifetime
  • General - LOC with/without contractions
  • Partial - no LOC
  • Status epilepticus - on/off seizures for 30 mins
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21
Q

Seizure Treatment

A
  • control airway
  • Supplemental oxygen and monitors
  • Activate EMS
  • Midazolam - 2mg IV -> 1mg/min IV (.05 mg/kg adults, .025mg/kg peds)
  • Glucose check
  • Glucose and thiamine prn
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22
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Disease resulting in inflammation, demyelination, and degeneration

Symptoms
-vertigo
-nystagmus
-pain, dysesthesia
-optic issues
-heat sensitivity
-Trigeminal neuralgia

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23
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Disease resulting in inflammation, demyelination, and degeneration

Symptoms
-vertigo
-nystagmus
-pain, dysesthesia
-optic issues
-heat sensitivity
-fatigue
-weakness

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24
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disease where acetylcholine receptors attacked resulting in:
- muscular weakness - ocular, face, neck/limbs, respiratory
- fatigue

Beware of drugs that may unmask such as: K, benzos, antibioitcs, muscles relaxants

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25
Q

Pscychiatric Patient Concerns

A

Drug Interactions
- lower seizure threshold
- increase response to epi
- exaggerated CNS depression
- anticholinergic effects

Liver dysfunction
EKG changes
Serotonin syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

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26
Q

MAOIs

A
  • inhibits MAO
  • decreases metabolism of serotonin and catecholamines
    -caution with ketamine and meperidine
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27
Q

TCAs

A
  • Inhibits reputake of NE/serotonin
  • increase response to sympathomimetics, excessive sedation, possible arrhythmias
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28
Q

SSRIs

A
  • Prevents serotonin reuptake
    -Caution with MAOIs, tramadol, zofran

Serotonin syndrome:
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
- sweating
- diarrhea
- hyperthermia
- hyperreflexia

Tx:
- lorazepam, cyproheptadine, methylsergide, propranolol

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29
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Mood disorder resulting in episodes of mania and depression
Tx:
- neuroleptics (1st - typical, 2nd - atypical) - inhibit dopamine -> extrapyramidal effects
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome -
fever, rigidity, respiratory distress
-Lithium
-Anticonvulsants -valproate, carbamazepine

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30
Q

Concerns in Alcoholic Patient

A
  • Liver dysfunction (decrease in factors II, VII, IX, X, A, D, E, K)
  • AST/ALT > 2:1
  • decrease in K, Mg, Ph
    • EKG anomolies
    • DTs: severe aggitation, confusion,
      nightmares, tachycardia,
      hypertension, sweating
      -Tx: benzos
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31
Q

Concerns in Opioid Addicted Patients

A
  • increased anesthetic doses
  • use benzos and ketamine
  • communicate with pain specialist
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32
Q

Concerns in Alcoholic Patient

A
  • Liver dysfunction (decrease in factors II, VII, IX, X, A, D, E, K)
  • AST/ALT > 2:1
  • decrease in K, Mg, Ph
    • EKG anomalies
    • DTs: severe agitation, confusion,
      nightmares, tachycardia,
      hypertension, sweating
      -Tx: benzos
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33
Q

Concerns in Cocaine Abuser

A
  • closely monitor cardiopulmonary system -> high risk of arrhythmia
  • no tx within 24 hours of last use
  • use caution with local anesthesia
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34
Q

Duchennes’s Muscular Dystrophy

A
  • X linked disorder in dystrophin protein resulting in weakness, waddling gait, kyphosis, and respiratory difficulties
    -Avoid depolarizing muscle relaxer and volatile anesthetics - can increase K and increased risk for MH
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35
Q

Marfans Disease

A
  • AD disorder of fibrillin

Signs:
- tall, lanky
- hypermobile joints
- micrognathia
- dislocation of lens
- cardiovascular anomalies - aortic root dilation, aortic regurgitation, MVP, aortic aneurysm)

  • Tx: lower heart rate with beta blockers
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36
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Chronic inflammatory condition via autoimmune attack on synovial lining of joints
  • Concerns: cardiac valve abnormalities, sjogrens and salivary flow, pulmonary effusions
  • Chronic NSAID use increase risk of platelet dysfunction
  • Potential for C-spine and TMJ instablity/dysfunction
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37
Q

Changes in Pregnancy

A
  • increase cardiac output 30-40%
  • increase blood volume 25-50%
  • increase in clotting factors -> increase risk of DVT
  • increase compression of IVC - L lateral position
  • increase respiratory difficult, increase in GERD
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38
Q

Dental Treatment in Pregnancy

A
  • 1st trimester - emergency only
  • 2nd trimeseter - urgent/semi-elective
  • 3rd timester - emergency only
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39
Q

Medications in Pregnancy

A
  • Opioids - IV ok but caution with respiratory depression, hydrocodone ok
  • propofol ok
  • ambien ok
  • ketamine ok
  • zofran ok
  • tylenol ok
  • midazolam ok
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40
Q

PE/DVT

A
  • blockage of pulmonary vessels
  • increased risk from prior DVT, age
  • S/S: chest pain, SOB, dyspnea, <O2 sat, calf pain, decreased breath sounds
  • Diagnosis: chest CT/pulmonary angiogram, D-dimer, CBC, BMP, Coags
  • Tx: O2 support, thrombolytics, IR
41
Q

Gestational Hypertension

A

SBP >139 w/o proteinuria after 20 weeks

42
Q

Pre-eclampsia & HELLP Syndrome

A
  • SBP > 140
  • Proteinuria after 20 weeks
  • End organ dysfunction
  • Tx: bedrest
  • Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
43
Q

Eclampsia

A
  • Seizures
  • end organ dysfunction
  • Tx: Magnesium
44
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Features

A

hypoplastic philtrum
broad upper lip
micrognathia
hypoplastic vermillion

45
Q

Naloxone

A
  • Opioid antagonist
  • side effects: increase in pain, monitor for renarcitization
  • Dose: .01 mg/kg q3min IV
46
Q

Flumazenil

A
  • Benzo antagonist
  • side effects: PONV, seizures
    -Dose: .01mg/kg, .2mg over 15-30 secs, can repeat q3 mins to max 1mg per hour
47
Q

Angina

A
  • Stable: poorly localized chest pain, relieved by rest or sublingual nitro
  • Unstable: random, appears at rest
  • Prinzmetal’s: cyclic coronary artery vasospasm
48
Q

Angina Treatment

A
  • Morphine
  • O2
  • Nitro - 0.4 mg SL if SBP>90. if no response to 3 doses in 10 mins (q5) activate EMS for MI
  • ASA 325 mg
49
Q

Acute MI

A
  • sudden severe crushing chest pain even at rest

Diagnosis:
- 12 lead EKG -> ST elevation in leads 2, 3, aVF
- Q waves represent prior MI
- Troponins : most specific
- CK-MB
- Angiogram
- Tx: MONA, take BP first, activate EMS, institute ACLS

50
Q

Management of STEMI vs NSTEMI

A
  • MONA
  • IV access
  • CXR - rule out aortic dissection and pleuritis)
  • cardiac enzymes
  • EKG

STEMI:
- <90 mins PCI, <30 mins fibrinolysis

NSTEMI:
- ASA, evaluation by cardiologist for: stress test, angiography w/wo PCI

51
Q

CVA/Stroke

A
  • Ischemic: thrombus/embolus from A-fib
  • Hemorrhagic
  • S/S: unilateral face droop, limb droop, slurred speech

Tx:
- activate EMS
- head CT within 25 mins, if ischemic then rTPA/fibrinolysis within 60 mins

52
Q

Lovenox Bridging

A
  • Coumadin takes 4-6 days to exit system
  • Thrombin half-life is days so take 6-10 days to ramp up
  • Lovenox 80 mg 3 days before procedure, last dose 24 hours prior, then resume 24 hours after
53
Q

Ca Channel Blockers

A

Dihydropyridines (propensity to vasodilate)
- Amlodipine

Non-DHPs(minimal vasodilation)
- varapimil
-diltiazem

54
Q

Treatment of Bradycardia

A
  • Airway, Breathing, Circulation
  • Atropine 0.5 mg q3 mg to max 3mg
  • Transcutaneous pacing if heart block
55
Q

Treatment of Bronchospasm

A
  • albuterol if awake
  • airway support and positive pressure if sedated
  • Epi (1:1000) 0.3mg-0.5 mg Subq
  • Corticosteroids
  • intubate if worsening
56
Q

Treatment of Laryngospasm

A
  • recognize stridor w/wo retractions
  • suction/pack site
  • extend neck and jaw thrust to open airway
  • Deepen sedation
  • Positive pressure ventilation
  • Succinylcholine - 0.1-0.2mg/kg
  • Intubate
57
Q

Treatment of Acute Hypertension

A
  • Esmolol IV: 10-30mg, only use if tachycardic and normotensive
  • Labetolol IV: 5-20mg, only use if tachcardic and hypertensive
  • Hydralizine: 5-10mg if bradycardic
58
Q

Succinylcholine Dose

A
  • Depolarizing muscle relaxant
  • 0.1-0.2 mg/kg IV, 4mg/kg IM
  • 30-90sec onset
  • 5-10 min half life
59
Q

COPD/Emphysema

A
  • Loss of elasticity of alveoli, obstructive
  • Pink puffer: barrel-chest, dysnpea, cachexia, distant breath sounds
  • Blue bloater: obese, chronic cough, cor pulmonale RHF 2/2 pulmonary vasocontriction
  • ipratropium inhaler first line, albuterol second line
60
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • S/S: shortness of breath, tachypnea, cyanosis, hypotension
  • CXR: trachea deviated towards in normal, deviated away in tension

Tx:
- depends on size and symptoms
- observation and O2
- needle decompression (midclavicular, 2nd/3rd intercostal)
- Chest tube (anterior axilla, 5th intercostal)

61
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • AR disease affecting lungs, pancreas, decrease in CFTR protein
  • 1:3000
  • Dx: genetics, sweat Cl test
  • Tx: supplement ADEK, dornase alpha, inhaled corticosteroid, chest PT
  • Chronic infections: pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tx: inhaled levofloxacin
62
Q

OSA

A

HPI, STOP-BANG

Lab based polysomnogrpahy to measure AHI/RDI
- mild 5-15
- moderate 15-30
- severe >30

Nasopharyngoscopy to observe airway obstruction
-DISE or mueller
- fujita scale

Ask for history of CPAP, UPPP, etc…

63
Q

Treatment of OSA

A
  • Nonsurgical: weight loss, CPAP, oral devices, modafinil
  • Surgical: genioglossal advancement, UPPP, MMA, bariatric surgery, tracheostomy, tonsils, hypoglossal nerve stimulation
64
Q

Anesthesia Considerations and Management in OSA

A
  • Optimize comorbidities
  • avoid sedating premeds
  • optimize head position
  • be prepared for airway adjuncts
  • short acting agents
  • optimize pain control
  • low threshold for OR setting
65
Q

Hypernatremia

A
  • Na > 145 + headache, lethargy, nausea, thirst, coma
  • usually caused by free water loss
  • Extrarenal causes: vomiting, osmotic diarrhea, NGT suction, fever, exercise
  • Renal - diuresis, DI
66
Q

Treatment of Hypernatremia

A
  • Free H2O repletion
  • Don’t increase > 10-12mEq daily due to cerebral edema
  • Postpone surgery if >150
67
Q

Hyponatremia

A
  • Na < 135
  • Acute: cerebral overhydration, N/V, lethargy, seizure, coma
  • Chronic: gait disturbance, dizzy, confusion, muscle cramps
    -Causes: vomiting diarrhea, third spacing, diuretics, steroids, SIADH, CHF, primary polydipsia
68
Q

Hyponatremia Treatment

A
  • Replete Na slowly due to risk of central pontine mylenolysis
69
Q

Treatment of Tachycardia

A

Stable:
- Vagal maneuvers, O2,
- Adenosine 6mg ->12mg
- If it doesn’t convert get consult and consider procainamide or amiodarone 300mg -> 150 mg

Unstable (hypotension, decreased LOC, shock, chest pain):
- synchronized cardioversion 50-200J

70
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A
  • Increased Ca in myoplasm due to ryanodine receptor mutation
  • Risk Factors: Family hx of MH, NM disorders, dark urine after prior anesthesia or exercise
  • Agents - Depolarizing muscle relaxants (succinylcholine), inhalation agents
  • S/S: increases in CO2, HR, RR, temp, muscle rigidity, acidosis

Tx:
- 100% O2, discontinue inhalation agents
- cold saline
- Dantrolene: 10 mg/kg. Prep: 20mg dantrolene, 3g mannitol, 60mL sterile water
- treat hyperkalemia - glucose and insulin + Ca Cl
- Bicarb for acidosis
- ICU - 24 hours minimum

71
Q

Asthma

A
  • inflammatory disease of upper airway resulting in wheezing cough, shortness of breath from various environmental triggers
  • As disease increases in severity FEV1 decreases

Types (inhaler need)
- mild intermittent - <2x week
- mild persistent - >2x week
- moderate persistent- daily
- severe - wakes up at night

Tx: Beta 2 agonist, inhaled gluccocorticoid, leukotriene, theophylline

72
Q

Acute Intermittent Porphyria

A
  • Defect in Hb metabolism
  • S/S: abdominal pain, constipation, psychiatric symptoms, hyesteria, motor neuropathies, labs show increase in porphobilinogen
  • Tx: Hb synthesis, porphon precursors, glucose, narcos, hematin, neurotin
73
Q

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

A
  • 2/2 strep viridians on a damaged valve
  • Can be fatal if untreated within 6 weeks-1 year
  • S/S: fever, cough, SOB, joint pain, diarrhea, flank pain
  • audible murmur
  • Osler nodes - raised tender lumps on fingers/toes
  • Janeway lesions - palms soles septic emboli
  • splinter hemorrhages
74
Q

Differences in Pediatric Airway vs Adult

A

Upper Airway:
- higher position of chords
- limited neck flexibility
- large tongue
- long, narrow, higher epiglottis
- enlarged tonsils

Lower Airway:
- diaphragmatic breathing
- decreased FRC
- increased metabolic demand
- HR main determinant of cardiac output

75
Q

Ketamine

A
  • NMDA antagonist, dissociative, analgesic
  • IV dose: 0.5-1.5mg/kg
  • IM dose: 2-4 mg/kg
  • Increase in HR/BP - use with caution with cardiac patients
76
Q

Midazolam

A
  • Benzodiazepine - anxiolysis and amnesia
  • IV dose: 0.1 mg/kg
  • PO dose: 0.5 mg/kg
  • Causes mild decrease in RR, HR, BP
  • Reversal - flumazenil 0.2mg IV (1mg max in 60 mins)
77
Q

Fentanyl

A
  • Fast acting opioid
  • IV dose: 2ug/kg
  • major decrease in RR, HR, BP
  • Reversal - naloxone .01-.03mg/kg
78
Q

Propofol

A
  • general sedative, hypnotic, short-acting, potentiated GABA
  • major decrease BP and apnea
  • Induction: 2-2.5mg/kg
  • Maintenance: 100-150 ug/kg/min
79
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  • > 5.5
  • Causes: ESRD/CKD, hyperglycemia, tissue injury, extracellular shift
  • S/S: arrhythmia, weakness, peaked T waves, wide QRS
80
Q

Treatment of Hyperkalemia

A
  • Insulin (w/glucose) /albuterol - drives K into cells
  • Lasix if intact renal function
  • Ca gluconate - stabilizes cardiac membranes
  • Kayexelate - GI elimination
  • Dialysis in severe cases
81
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  • <3.5
  • Causes: GI/GU losses
  • S/S when <3.0: weakness, arrhythmias, flat T waves, U waves
  • Tx: replete orally (IV in severe of intolerance of PO), K-sparring diuretics
82
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Over production of thyroid hormone results in hypermetabolic state, tremors, and increased reflexes
  • Causes: Graves disease, goiter, TSH secreting tumor/adenoma, overdose of thyroid hormone
  • Dx: TFT showing increase in T4, T3. Decrease in TSH
  • Tx: propylthiouracil/methimazole inhibit TH
83
Q

Anesthesia Concerns Hyperthyroidism

A
  • delay case until controlled
  • avoid sympathomimetics

Monitor for thyroid storm
- Tx: propranolol, cooling, IVF

84
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Hypometabolic state from decrease in thyroid hormone due to autoimmune disease, thyroidectomy, iodine deficiency
  • S/S: weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, lethargy, dull facial expression, constipation
  • Dx: decrease T4
  • Tx: replace thyroid hormone
  • Anesthesia - slow recovery
85
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Primary - carcinoma, adenoma
  • Secondary - response to disease that lowers calcium levels
  • Causes increase in calcium results in weak bones, stones, psychiatric undertones, HTN, EKG changes
  • Anesthetic considerations - NS and lasix to control Ca
86
Q

Link Between Diabetes and Hypertension

A

Diabetes increases risk of atherosclerosis which causes damaged endothelium/hardening of arterial walls which causes hypertension

87
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A
  • Inability of the heart to meet metabolic needs of the body with decreased cardiac output and O2 during exertion

Classes NYHA
1. symptomatic with greater than normal activity
2. symptomatic with ordinary activity
3. symptomatic with minimal activity
4. symptomatic at rest

Tx: diuretics, ACEi, Digoxin, beta blocker

88
Q

Reading CXR

A

Airway - overall quality, exposure, angulation

Bones - clavicle, ribs, vertebrae

Cardiac - silhoutte slightly enlarged, aortic/pulm vessels visible, pericardial effusions

Diaphragm - R/L hemidiaphragm

Effusions and costophrenic angle

Fields- Lung fields

89
Q

Liver Disease

A
  • Categorize hepatocellular (hepatitis, EtOH) vs cholestatic
  • LFTs before surgery and consult with internist
  • Caution regarding propensity for bleeding due to factor deficiencies (besides VIII)
90
Q

Diabetes

A
  • glucose regulation disorder
  • Type 1: insulin dependent, juvenile, autoimmune
  • Type 2: insulin resistant
  • Secondary: gestational, steroids, tumor, pancreatic resection, cystic fibrosis

Dx:
- fasting BG > 120 2x
- BG > 200 after 2hrs
- HbA1c > 7

91
Q

Insulin Types

A
  • Fast - regular, semilente
  • Intermediate - NPH and lente
  • Prolonged - protamine, ultralente, glargine
  • Hold fast forms the am before surgey; 1/2 prolonged the nigh before
92
Q

Metformin

A
  • glucophage
  • decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis and intestinal glucose absorption
  • Side effects: lactic acidosis
  • Contraindications: renal or liver failure
93
Q

Glipizide/Glyburide

A
  • sulfonylurea that increases insulin release from beta cells of pancreas
94
Q

Pioglitazone

A

increase insulin sensitivity

95
Q

Exenatide

A
  • GCP-1 Agonist
  • increases insulin secretion
96
Q

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor

A

Decreases intestinal glucose absorption

97
Q

Pramlintide

A
  • Decreases gastric emptying
  • Decreases glucagon
98
Q

Complications of Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • hypo/hyper-glycemia
  • acidosis
  • ketosis
  • microvascular occlusion resulting in end organ damage: CAD, retinopathy, hypertension, neuropathy, gastroparesis
  • predisposition to infections and oral disease
  • fungal infections
99
Q

AHA/ADA Indications for Prophylaxis

A

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