Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 6: PACES > Medicine 8 > Flashcards

Medicine 8 Flashcards

1
Q

List some causes of palmar erythema.

A 
Cirrhosis 
Hyperthyroidism
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Pregnancy 
Polycythaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List some causes of gynaecomastia.

A 
Physiological (puberty)
Drugs (spironolactone, digoxin, cimetidine, finasteride)
Cirrhosis 
Testicular tumour/orchidectomy 
Kleinfelter's and Kallman syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List some clinical features of haemochromatosis.

A 
Testicular atrophy 
Diabetes mellitus (injection sites)
Congestive cardiac failure 
Arthropathy 
Chronic liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main indications for splenectomy?

A

Rupture (trauma)

Haematological (ITP, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do patients with polycystic kidney disease tend to present?

A 
Hypertension 
Recurrent UTI
Abdominal pain (bleeding into cyst or cyst infection)
Haematuria 
End-stage renal failure

NOTE: may present with extra-renal manifestations such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, mitral valve prolapse and hepatic cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List some signs of interstitial lung disease.

A 
Clubbing 
Central cyanosis 
Fine end-inspiratory crackles 
Signs of autoimmune disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, SS)
Grey skin (amiodarone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some causes of apical fibrosis.

A 
TB 
Radiation 
Ankylosing spondylitis 
ABPA
Sarcoidosis 
Histoplasmosis 
EAA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some clinical signs of COPD.

A 
Central cyanosis 
Pursed lip breathing 
CO2 retention flap/bounding pulse 
Tar stained fingers 
Expiratory polyphonic wheeze 
Cor pulmonale (raised JVP, ankle oedema, RV heave, loud P2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline the management of COPD.

A 
Smoking cessation 
Beta-agonists (salbutamol)
Tiotropium bromide 
Inhaled corticosteroids 
Vaccinations (influenza, pneumococcus) 
Pulmonary rehabilitation 
LTOT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List some surgical treatment options for COPD patients.

A

Bullectomy
Endobronchial valve placement
Lung reduction surgery (if heterogenous distribution of emphysema)
Single lung transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List some differentials for a wheezy chest.

A 
COPD 
Asthma 
Bronchiectasis 
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (obliterative bronchiolitis) 
Rheumatoid arthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the criteria for starting long-term oxygne therapy.

A

Non-smoker
PaO2 < 7.3 kPa on air
PaO2 7.3-8 with secondary polycythaemia, peripheral oedema, or evidence of pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List some clinical signs of a pleural effusion.

A 
Asymmetrically reduced expansion 
Trachea deviated away from effusion 
Stony dull percussion 
Absence tactile vocal fremitus 
Reduced breath sounds 
Bronchial breathing above fluid level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some complications of lung cancer.

A 
Superior vena cava obstruction 
Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy 
Horner's syndrome 
Wasting of small muscles of hand 
Endocrine (gynaecomastia)
Neurological (Lambert-Eaton)
Dermatomyositis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List some differentials for systolic murmurs.

A 
Aortic stenosis 
Aortic sclerosis
Mitral regurgitation 
HOCM 
VSD 
Aortic flow murmur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some clinical signs of aortic stenosis.

A

Slow rising pulse
Narrow pulse pressure
Ejection systolic murmur
Thrill over aortic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the EuroSCORE?

A

A risk model that calculates the risk of death after a cardiac operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List some clinical signs of tricuspid regurgitation.

A

Raised JVP (giant V waves)
Pansystolic murmur loudest in tricuspid area
Thrill at left sternal edge
Pulsatile liver, ascites and peripheral oedema
Endocarditis signs (IVDU)
Pulmonary hypertension (loud P2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List some indications for having an ICD.

A

Familial conditions with high risk of sudden cardiac death (long QT, ARVD, brugada, HCM)
Cardiac arrest due to VT/VF
Haemodynamically compromising VT
VT with LVEF < 35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List some clinical signs of constrictive pericarditis.

A

Raised JVP
Right heart failure
Kussmaul sign (paradoxical increase in JVP on inspiration)
Pulsus paradoxus (>10 mm Hg drop in SBP on inspiration)
Hepatomegaly, ascites and peripheral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List some causes of constrictive pericarditis.

A

TB
Trauma (or surgery)
Radiotherapy
Connective tissue disease (rheumatoid, SLE)

22
Q

What murmur is caused by ASD?

A

Ejection systolic murmur with fixed split-second heart sounds

23
Q

What murmur is caused by VSD?

A

Systolic murmur loudest at the left sternal edge (no radiation)

24
Q

List some clinical signs of myotonic dystrophy.

A 
Myopathic facies (long, thin, expressionless)
Wasting of facial muscles and SCM 
Bilateral ptosis 
Frontal balding 
Dysarthria (myotonia of tongue and pharynx)
Test grip (wont be able to let go) 
Cataracts 
Cardiomyopathy 
Testicular atrophy
25
Q

What are dominant and non-dominant parietal lobe signs?

A

Dominant: dysphasia (receptive, expressive, global)

Non-Dominant: dressing/constructional apraxia, spatial neglect

26
Q

List some causes of mononeuritis multiplex.

A 
Diabetes mellitus 
Connective tissue disease (SLE, rheumatoid)
Vasculitis (e.g. PAN)
Infection (e.g. HIV)
Malignancy

Mononeuritis multiplex: painful, asymmetrical, asynchronous sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy involving isolated damage to at least 2 separate nerve areas

27
Q

Outline the management of Bell’s palsy.

A 
Prednisolone if within 72 hours of onset of symptoms 
Eye protection (artificial tears, tape eyes closed at night)
28
Q

Outline the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

A

Acute: IVIG and plasmapheresis
Chronic: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (e.g. pyridostigmine), steroids, thymectomy

29
Q

List some signs of tuberous sclerosis.

A

Angiofibromata on the face
Periungual fibromas
Shagreen patch (roughened, leathery skin in lumbar region)
Ash leaf hypopigmentation

Other: cystic lung disease, renal enlargement due to angiomyolipoma/PKD (and features of renal replacement), seizures, developmental delay, signs of antiepileptic treatment

30
Q

List some medical and surgical causes of 3rd nerve palsy.

A

Medical: mononeuritis multiplex (DM), midbrain infarction, MS, migraine
Surgical: posterior communicating arter aneurysm, cavernous sinus thrombosis, uncal herniation

31
Q

List some causes of tunnel vision.

A 
Papilloedema 
Glaucoma 
Choroidoretinitis 
Migraine 
Retinitis pigmentosa
32
Q

Describe the appearance of retinal artery occlusion on fundoscopy.

A

Pale, milky fundus with thread-like arterioles

Cherry red macula

33
Q

Describe the appearance of retinal vein occlusion on fundoscopy.

A

Flame haemorrhages (radiating out from swollen disc)
Engorged tortuous veins
Cotton wool spots
Look for diabetic or hypertensive changes

NOTE: causes include hypertension, diabetes, hyperviscocity and high IOP

34
Q

List some differentials for Parkinson’s disease.

A 
Parkinson's plus (PSP, CBD, MSA, LBD)
Basal ganglia infarct
Encephalitis 
Traumatic encephalopathy 
Metabolic (Wilson's)
Drugs (antipsychotics, metoclopramide)
35
Q

List some causes of unilatearl spastic paraparesis.

A

Hemisphere: stroke, MS, SOL, cerebral palsy
Hemicord: MS, compression

36
Q

What are the main clinical features of de Quervain’s tenosynovitis and what is it caused by?

A

Pain on radial side of wrist
Tender radial styloid process
Abduction of thumb against resistance is painful
Finkelstein test - examiner pulls thumb in ulnar deviation and longitudinal traction. It causes pain over radial styloid process

Tendons involved: extensor pollicis brevis + abductor pollicis longus

37
Q

What is a major indication for NIV in a patient with an infective exacerbation of COPD?

A

Respiratory acidosis despite maximum medical treatment (PaCO2 > 6 kPa and pH < 7.35)

38
Q

List some indications for non-invasive ventilation.

A 
COPD with respiratory acidosis 
Type 2 respiratory failure (e.g. due to neuromuscular disease)
Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema 
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Weaning from endotracheal intubation
39
Q

List some causes of spider naevi.

A

Chronic liver disease
Pregnancy
COCP

40
Q

List some indications for CABG.

A

Left main stem disease
Triple vessel disease
Refractory angina
Unsuccessful angioplasty

NOTE: complications include MI, cardiac tamponade, haemothorax, post-op AF, graft stenosis

41
Q

List some causes of high-output cardiac failure.

A

Thyrotoxicosis
Anaemia
Paget’s disease
Pregnancy

42
Q

List some secondary causes of hypertension.

A

Renal artery stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Polycystic kidney disese
Conn’s, Cushing’s, Phaeochromocytoma, acromegaly, thyrotoxicosis

43
Q

What are the indications for surgical valve replacement in aortic stenosis?

A

Symptomatic AS
Severe asymptomatic AS with reduced EF
Severe AS undergoing other operation (e.g. CABG)

44
Q

List some causes of an S4 heart sound.

A

Thickened ventricular wall due to hypertension or aortic stenosis
Coronary artery disease
Cardiomyopathy

45
Q

List some conditions that display Koebner phenomenon.

A

Psoriasis
Vitiligo
Lichen planus

46
Q

Describe some symptoms and signs of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.

A 
Weakness (e.g. legs, arms, trunk)
Tingling and numbness
Bilateral spastic paresis 
Impaired find touch and vibration 
Upgoing plantars
47
Q

Describe the classical features of lumbar spinal stenosis.

A

Back pain extending to buttocks and backs of thighs
Pain is worse when standing or walking
Pain relieved by sitting down and leaning forward
Lower limb weakness

48
Q

Which investigations would you request in a patient with suspected thyroid disease?

A

TFTs (TSH, T3/4, antibodies)
Thyroid uptake scan (technetium 99m pertechnetate)
FBC, Calcium, ESR

49
Q

List some differentials for thyroid enlargement.

A

Graves
Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s, De Quervain’s, Riedel)
Multinodular goitre
Follicular adenoma
Thyroid cancer (papillary, follicular, medullar, anaplastic)
Iodine deficiency

50
Q

What are the two different types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease?

A

HSMN1 - more common, demyelinating, autosomal dominant (PMP22 gene)
HMSN2 - axonal degeneration, autosomal dominant

NOTE: CMT can also be recessive

YEAR 6: PACES (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions