Medicine Flashcards
History of inoculation of smallpox
China started using inoculation to prevent smallpox
1760 father and son came up with an easier way
Doctors used Sutton’s methods
It had religious objections
People still died and passed on smallpox to someone else
Hunters experiments
1767 hunter injected himself with gonorrahoea from patient he also got syphills
Took him 3 years to recover using mercury treatment
Hunter
Trained 100s of surgeons using a scientific approach
Tried new operations on animals then people
Wrote veneral disease book 1786
Persevered 3000 stuffed/ dried animals and fossils
Stayed the same (surgery in the 18th century)
Still no anaesthetic
Negative experiences in surgery
1856 10220 people in medical directory only 4% had a medical degree
Improvements in surgery (18th century)
Pare used ligatures to prevent wounds from infection
William cheselden speed in surgery. Could remove a kidney stone in a minute
181q has to attend one course in anatomy and surgery
Types of hospitals (18th century)
Mentally ill Sick people STIs Maternity (not common) Sick children
How did hospitals change in the 18th century ?
Henry the 8th changed England from a catholic country to a Protestant. He gave money to hospitals
Churches didn’t run hospitals
Medical schools attached to hospitals
18th century training of doctors
Bodies used in training Worked in training hospitals Under supervision of doctors 1850s introduced exams Body snatching so people could dissect them
Government response to great plague
Examiners appointed to find out who was sick
If you were your house was shut and marked with a Red Cross
Every house has to be clean outside of it
Treatment for great plague
Bled with leeches
Fire lit to remove poisonous air
Move to countryside only if you were rich
Sniffed sponge soaked in vinegar
Causes of great plague
Many people believed god did it
Some people making connection between dirt and disease
Movement of poisonous air
Great plague
1665
17th/18th century medicine
Quack medicine inventing and selling mediocre only for money
Plants and herbs - Nicolas examined patients for free and used herbs to treat them
Opium - for anaesthetic
Tobacco- treat toothache, didn’t work
Harvey’s methods
Studied human hearts
Experiments be pumping liquid wrong way through valves and veins
Dissected hearts
Impact of Harvey’s methods
Doctors rejected Harvey’s theory as it went against galens ideas and churches called him stupid
16th century discovery’s about blood
Realdo columbo said blood moves along veins and arteries
Fabricuis proved their were valves in veins
Harvey’s beliefs about blood
Travelled in a circle from heart
1 type of blood
Galens beliefs about blood
Produced in the liver and travels up
2 types of blood
Pare
He used egg rose oil turpentine to heal gunshot wounds
Results- sleeping peacefully
Patients got infections, really slow, tied thread around blood vessels
Before they used boiling oil
Vesalius
Dissected humans
Basis of better treatment in future
Wrote the fabric of the human body (1543)
Critism for disagreeing with Galen
Understood the skeleton, muscles, nerves, veins
Impact of Black Death
Peasants became rich and owned land
Turned away from god and to science
Black Death
1400
Spread of Black Death
Breathing infected air
Cramped places
Animals dug up dead victims and spread body parts
Cesspit attracted rats
Treatment for Black Death
Pop open buboes to release the disease
Plaster sores with paste made from cooked onions
Attached live chickens to drive away disease
Bathe in urine
Black Death (pneumonic)
Attacked lungs
Coughed up blood
Sprayed germs
Caught through air
Black Death (bubonic)
Fleas bit rats and rat then bit people
Get fever, large lumps and rash
Dead within a few days
Monastrys (toilet)
Toilets have potties underneath them
Cleaned regularly emptied into a pot
Monastrys (water)
Toilets on the river
Rivers flow from west to easy
Filteration
Water from wells
Public health (streets)
Horses in streets dung everywhere Rubbish on streets Attempts to improve: Wealthy parts of town swept by savants Introduced fine for throwing litter
Public health (toilets and waste)
Public toilet not cleaned in a year
Hasn’t rained and rubbish is in the streets
Cesspit over flown
Attempts to improve:
Gutters on either side of the wide streets
Toilets over rivers
Public health (water)
Drinking water contaminated with toilet waste
Wells and cesspools built close together
Attempts to improve:
Part of town has clean water
Water through old roman systems
