Medicine 16 mark question Flashcards
Government - treatments
Middle ages - to prevent the black death from spreading, government put quarantines in place in specific areas. Specialist hospitals set up eg: St Bartholomew’s 1123 for pregnant women
Industrial Britain - Parliament gave Jenner £10,000. 1853 smallpox vaccination made compulsory. No controls over the production of medicine.
20th and 21st century - GB + US governments funded research into penicillin. TB, polio, measles and triple vaccines all made free. Gov now funds breast and cervical cancer screening
Government - public health
Middle Ages - Towns were extremely dirty - cesspits overflowed. Councils reluctant to raise taxes. Peasants able to demand higher wages after 1351 Statute of Labourers
Renaissance - Great Plague of 1665 - homeowners made to sweep streets in front of houses and games that cause large crowds were banned. Trade with infected towns stopped.
Industrial Britain - 1858 - Great stink. Bazalgette asked to design new sewage system. 1875 - compulsory for councils to clean up towns. Local councils had to provide clean water and collect rubbish
20th + 21st century - 1906 - old age pensions, free school meals and unemployment / sick pay. Labour won 1945 election and created welfare state. NHS 1948.
Government - Beliefs about causes
Middle ages - government keen to remove bad smells - miasma. Confirmed by people falling ill in overcrowded / dirty towns.
Renaissance - 1665 plague, government quarantined people. Fires lit to remove poisons from the air. Public prayers held twice a week.
Industrial Britain - Pasteur and Koch were financed by their governments. There was concern of infection in overcrowded / dirty towns.
20th + 21st century - Government took action because of Booth’s report on the link between poverty and high death rate
Government - surgery
Middle ages - Dissection was banned by the church, surgical knowledge remained limited
Renaissance - Company of Barber surgeons formed in 1540 to maintain standards. 1745 - educated surgeons formed a separate Company of Surgeons
Industrial Britain - The General Medical Council was set up in 1858 to ensure all surgeons were trained
20th + 21st century - GB + US governments funded research into penicillin. TB, polio, measles + triple vaccines made free
War - Beliefs about causes
Middle ages - War surgeon John Arderne urged doctors not to rely on the works of Hippocrates and Galen - however these texts dominated what people believed.
Industrial Britain - Rivalry between Pasteur and Koch increased after France lost the France - Prussian War to Germany. They competed to make discoveries.
20th + 21st century - End of WW1, doctors realised that war can cause a mental illness known as PTSD
War - Treatments
Middle ages - Wartime surgeons discovered the use of opium as a painkiller - cauterisation was often fatal
Renaissance - Pare improvised a soothing cream in a 1537 battle
Industrial Britain - Nationalist competition between Pasteur and Koch led to identification of bacteria and vaccines for TB, anthrax, rabies and chicken cholera. The increased European presence in Africa led to attempts to treat malaria, yellow fever and sleeping sickness.
20th + 21st century - Fleming discovered penicillin to cure soldiers suffering from staph germ. Research funded UK + US - 1945, 250,000 soldiers treated with penicillin
War - surgery
Middle ages - John Arderne’s surgical textbook based on experiences during the hundred year war. Many learnt their skill on the battlefield.
Renaissance - Gun shot wounds meant that surgeons had to come up with new methods. Pare created ligatures.
20th + 21st century - 1900 blood groups discovered, allowing for transfusions. Mobile X-ray machines sent to frontline. Plastic surgery / skin graphs used in response to facial wounds
Better treatment of broken bones. 1914 - 80% with broken femur died. 1916 - 80% with broken femur survived.
War - public health
Industrial Britain - Boer war 1899 - thousands of volunteers were rejected as being unfit to serve. Some towns - 90% volunteers found unfit. Increased public awareness.
20th + 21st century - plastic surgery developed. Advancement in prosthetic limbs. British National blood transfusions service opened in 1938.
Science and technology - Beliefs about causes
Middle ages - Many drank water from the same place they disposed of waste. Little understanding about true causes of the black death.
Renaissance - Printing press in 1451 - new discoveries could spread. Microscope in 1600 made microbes visible. Many were sceptical of inoculation.
Industrial Britain - Spontaneous generation replaced by germ theory. Koch identified and dyed microbes. John Snow used observation to discover how cholera spread.
20th + 21st century - DNA discovered in 1953 - used to find specific genes involved in genetic diseases.
Science and technology - Treatments
Middle ages - Local wise women used traditional herbal remedies. Apothecaries sold herbs and spices - some would work.
Renaissance - Printing press helped normal people collect books on herbs and remedies. Smallpox inoculation was popular but dangerous and expensive.
Industrial Britain - Vaccination safer than inoculation. Pasteur and Koch created several vaccines. Ehrlich created the first magic bullet. 14% of babies died before age 1.
20th + 21st century - More magic bullets found to cure meningitis, scarlet fever and pneumonia. 2006 - vaccine that targeted specific cancer. Antibiotic resistance.
Science and technology - Surgery
Middle ages - Lack of scientific understanding meant extreme surgical procedures were carried out. Some surgeons believed it was good to cause pus in wounds.
Renaissance - New technology such as gunpowder meant there was different types of wounds. Opium was used as an anaesthetic - incorrect dose could be fatal.
Industrial Britain - First x-ray machine in 1895. Laughing gas used as anaesthetic - hard to control dose. Ether was used but it caused vomiting. 1847 - Simpson discovered chloroform - did not prevent infection
20th + 21st century - Improved anaesthetics allowed longer surgery. First open heart surgery in 1950. First heart transplant in 1968. New techniques like keyhole surgery, laser surgery and MRI scans to improve operations.
Science and technology - Public health measures
Middle ages - New towns had pipes made of lead. Health was better in monasteries where some had bath houses connected to drainage systems. People knew nothing about how diseases spread.
Renaissance - Scientific observation allowed for new treatments, which improved public health. Living condition did not significantly improve.
Industrial Britain - More people moved to cities. 1851 - more people lived in towns than in the countryside. 57% of children died before age 5.
20th + 21st century - New industries developed to provide more job opportunities. Contraceptive pill developed. From 1978 - IVF treatment used to help women become pregnant.
Role of individuals - Beliefs about causes
Middle ages - Hippocrates theory of the 4 humours. Galen’s work on anatomy was accepted - he only dissected animals. Muslim doctors al - Razi and Ibn Sina challenged Galen.
Renaissance - Harvey discovered the heart pumped blood around the body. Galen thought blood was a fuel the body used up. Many rejected Harvey’s work.
Industrial Britain - 1861 Pasteur published his germ theory. Koch identified germs that caused TB, cholera and anthrax. Snow discovered cholera was caused by contaminated water.
20th + 21st century - Crick and Watson discovered DNA in 1953. Led to developments in gene therapy, genetic screening and genetic engineering.
Role of individuals - Treatments
Middle ages - 4 humours had to be kept in balance - bloodletting and purging.
Renaissance - Vesalius’ work was the basis for better treatments. Pare treated war wounds and designed false limbs. Harvey’s works inspired future treatments.
Industrial Britain - Jenner created vaccine for smallpox. Koch identified TB germ, leading to vaccine. Pasteur developed vaccines for anthrax, rabies and chicken cholera. Ehrlich came up with magic bullet for syphilis. Nightingale set up nursing school and cleaned up hospitals, reducing mortality rate.
20th + 21st century - 1928 Fleming discovered penicillin. Florey and Chain used it in experiments and brought it to attention of governments.
Role of individuals - Surgery
Middle ages - Doctors weren’t allowed to challenge Hippocrates or Galen. John Arderne created the Guild of Surgeons to separate trained surgeons from lower - class barber surgeons.
Renaissance - 1543 Vesalius published the Fabric of the Human Body proving Galen made mistakes. Pare wrote Works on Surgery in 1575.
Industrial Britain - Lister used an antiseptic approach to stop infection - mortality rate dropped from 46% to 15%. Tools were sterilised and protective clothes were worn.
20th + 21st century - WW1, Gillies developed techniques for repairing facial injuries. Harken cut into beating hearts during WW2 to remove bullets and shrapnel. 1973 - Hounsfield invented the CAT scan.
