Medicine

Question 1

hippocratic oath

Answer 1

doctors should work fort he benefit of the patient

Question 2

what did hippocrates do

Answer 2

born 460bc

made hippocratic oath

worked and taught as a doctor

showed importance of recording patient’s observations, symptoms and development of illness

took the systematic approach to illness so doctors were more likely to find a cure

stressed that medical records should be kept for future reference

created hippocratic collection which had many symptoms and treatoms

theory of 4 humours

Question 3

what were the 4 humours

Answer 3

the greeks linked elements to the seasons
example: fire-summer

they were 4 bodily fluids that existed within the human body in perfect balance

phlegm
blood
yellow bile
black bile

Question 4

when was a patient considered healthy

Answer 4

when the 4 humours were well aligned

if they had too much or too little of one humour they would become ill

Question 5

what impact did the 4 humours have

Answer 5

removed the role of religion and gods in individual illnesses

before this people believed illness was a divine punishment

many still rejected Hippocrates and chose to follow the god of medicine

impacted other ideas such as Galen from Rome

Question 6

what did Galen do

Answer 6

he also emphasised importance of systematic approach from Hippocrates

created theory of opposites from the 4 humours

Question 7

what was the theory of opposites

Answer 7

a doctor need to treat an access of one humour with its exact opposite

e.g.

Question 8

examples of the theory of opposites

Answer 8

fever should be treated with something cool like ice packs

• excess of phlegm (which is cold and moist) should be treated with something hot and dry (hot pepper)

bleeding was also a popular form of treatment

Question 9

how did Galens ideas become popular

Answer 9

promoted and adopted by christian church

church defended Galens teachings from any criticism

this is because his ideas fitted with christian belief

Question 10

what were galens alignments with the church

Answer 10

he believed the human body fitted together perfectly and was like a well-designed machine

church believed that god created the human body like this aswell

Question 11

what were the consequences of Galens work being used in the church

Answer 11

it was the only authority on medicine for years

Question 12

what were diagnostics and treatments of disease and illness in medieval times

Answer 12

supernatural

natural

astrological

Question 13

what was the divine punishment for sins

Answer 13

people believed that getting ill was a punishment from god

Question 14

what supernatural medieval treatments were there

Answer 14

prayed - home doctors hospitals did this to ask for forgiveness

flagellants - repent for sins (whipped themselves, extreme [popular during the black death - 1348-50])

superstition - charms (e.g. hares foot worn to protect from harm)

magic and folklore

kings evil - cured by a touch from the king

Question 15

what natural medieval treatment was there

Answer 15

remedies - herbal treatments made from local plants and herbs

this knowledge of remedies was passed down through generations of women

remedies were cheap yet mostly ineffective e.g. sweet smelling posses was meant to combat plague

yet treatments like honey and plantain was effective in treating wounds and infections

Question 16

how did medieval doctors treat disease scientifically

Answer 16

used theory of 4 humours

fluids needed to be balanced

e.g. bleeding with leeches when doctors believed there was an excess in blood

urine samples used - colour clarity scent taste (dark - death e.g.)
only used by the wealthy

Question 17

how did astrology treat medieval patients

Answer 17

doctors had table of positioning of planets

if they were aligned they would decide on giving treatment

location of moon was most important

they would refer to chart (zodiac man)
to decide if they would operate

Question 18

how successful was medieval treatment

Answer 18

very hit and miss

remedies sometimes worked

sometimes it was pure luck

other times it would fail completely

if it did fail people would think their fate was decided by god

Question 19

medieval physicians

Answer 19

-very expensive
-equivalent of doctors today
-only could be used by wealthy
-as england became wealthier there was a higher demand for physicians
- taught work of galen and hippocrates in uni med school

Question 20

types of treatment medieval physicians gave

Answer 20

bleeding
urine charts
purging
astrology

Question 21

barber surgeons

Answer 21

-surgeries were rare so in their spare time they cut hair
- cheaper than physicians because they weren’t required to attend university
- as a result many were illiterate and had no form of education
- used astrological chart to decide whether to perform surgery on an patient

Question 22

what was barber surgeon training like

Answer 22

they were an apprentice to a surgeon
and had to pass exams to enter the guild of master surgeons when training was complete

Question 23

barber surgeons operations

Answer 23

extracting teeth

bloodletting

internal operations

Question 24

how successful were barber surgeons

Answer 24

-it varied
-they had no knowledge of germs or bacteria
- they would reuse old equipment and stained knives without any thought
- this caused many to die in surgery or from infection

-patient could die from pain or bleed to death because there was no ways to manage shock or heavy blood loss

Question 25

what were surgeons like during war in medieval time

Answer 25

in high demand

many learnt and adapted trade from experiences from battle field

e.g.
john of arderne created anaesthetic from opioids to manage shock

Question 26

how did surgery being to progress in medieval times

Answer 26

new instruments and methods were invented by surgeons regularly

Question 27

how did poole care for patients in medieval times

Answer 27

women were main providers of care and were first to treat patient

they relied on herbal remedies

women were banned from being physicians because they weren’t allowed to go to university

but they were allowed to be barber surgeons

Question 28

what were apothercaries

Answer 28

a bit like scientists of today

little science behind them

used wine slices and herbs to treat patients

as trade increased in england new herbs and drugs entered apothecaries

they would sell remedies to medics and directly to the ill

Question 29

how successful were remedies from apothecaries

Answer 29

effects varied

Question 30

how good was the hospital care in the medieval times

Answer 30

it began more like hospitality for poor visitors

later large hospitals began to open like saint Bartholomews

some hospitals were specialised like maternity care

progress happened but it was slow

hospitals continued to treat sick through food rest and prayer