Medicinal microbiology- part 2

Question 1

what is endospore?

Answer 1

method of survival for bacteria
produce a unique resting cell
-bacterillus anthracis and bacillus cereus

Question 2

what is pyogenic cocci?

Answer 2

-spherical bacteria which cause various suppurative (pusproducing) infections in animals
- gram positive cocci are the leading pathogens of humans
(around 1/3 of all infections)

Question 3

what is Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 3

lives on skin and nasal membranes,
different strains differ in severity of disease they can
induce: boils, pimples, wound infections, pneumonia, toxic
shock syndrome; leading cause of infections acquired in
hospitals, resistant towards penicillin and many other
antibiotics

Question 4

what is MRSA?

Answer 4

usually confined to hospitals, rarely a concern for general
public, can be treated by vancomycin (toxic, expensive, has
to be given by intravenous infusion)

Question 5

what is enteric bacteria?

Answer 5

are Gram-negative rods with facultative anaerobic

metabolism that live in the intestinal tracts of animals found in gut

Question 6

what is Escherichia coli?

Answer 6

• 2nd important bacteria in gut

- indicator for faeces in water

Question 7

what is salmonella?

Answer 7

 most common cause of
food-associated diarrhoea
 salmonella are widely
distributed in animals,
providing a constant source
of infection for man

Question 8

what are the key infor about bacillus anthrax? pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous symptoms

Answer 8

• can enter body through intestines, lungs, skin
• pulmonary=not contagious and is unlikely to spread from person to person
• initially present flu symptoms, then respiratory problems which could be fatal
• gastrointestinal=vomiting blood, diarrhoea
• cutaneous=ulcers and itchy skin lesion or blisters

Question 9

what does E.coli cause?

Answer 9

Diarrhoea

Question 10

why do you have the diarrhoea with salmanella?

Answer 10

• you get an infection in GI tract
• cause inflammatory response get the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils activated and confine infection to GI tract
• the inflammatory response mediates release of prostaglandins which stimulate cAMP and active fluid secretion cause diarrhoea

Question 11

how is syphilis transmitted?

Answer 11

its a STD WHICH CAN affect their bones

Question 12

what are some key facts about chlamydia?

Answer 12

its unable to prodcue ATP so has to use the one inside the host celland can cause blindness its a STD a lot of people don know they are infected

Question 13

what are the key infor about poli?

Answer 13

• its a virus

- its asymptomatic in 90% of cases

Question 14

how many viruses can give us hepatitis?

Answer 14

6, A,B,C,D,E,G

Question 15

WHAT ARE SOME KEY FACTS ABOUT HEPATITIS?

Answer 15

it targets the liver

-they all have different structures

Question 16

what is hepatitis B

Answer 16

has a small enveloped DNA virus

• its gets into the cell into the nucleus and makes mRNA
• moves to cytoplasm and encodes for reverse transcriptase and replicates through RNA intermediate

Question 17

How do you get hepatitis B?

Answer 17

through blood, semen or infected bodily fluid

Question 18

what type of genome does influenza have?

Answer 18

virus is enveloped and has a segmented negative-sense an RNA genome
has 8 segments

Question 19

what is the role for of H trimer (hemagglutinin) ?

Answer 19

sits on the cell surfafe and stops it from getting to the cell

Question 20

what is the role for of N tetramer (neuramididase)?

Answer 20

sits on the cell surfafe and stops it from getting out of the cell

Question 21

what is the benefit of making H trimer (hemagglutinin) anbitbodies?

Answer 21

prevents the virus from getting into the cell so we will be immune

Question 22

what is the benefit of making N tetramer (neuramididase) antibodies?

Answer 22

it prevents it from leaving the cell and spreading it to other cells and infecting other people

Question 23

what should be done if someone is bite by an animal with rabies?

Answer 23

post exposure prophylaxis to prevent clinical illness, which is antibodies of the virus and should get a vaccination too

Question 24

what is the LTR region of the genome structure of retrovirus?

Answer 24

-control the retro virus
-at each end of the genome are long-terminal repeats (LTR)
• contain promoter sequences, enhancers, can contain oncogenes

Question 25

what does the retrovirus do once it gets into the cell?

Answer 25

infect the macrophage as they become the virus resouveiour and replicates and they then release cytokines we dont normally get
-kills off the CD4+ cells such as macrophage so lowered immune system

Question 26

what are prions?

Answer 26

it is a type of infectious agent, as it is made only of protein
• Prions are abnormally-structured forms of a host protein, which are able to convert
normal molecules of the protein into the abnormally structured form
-they are resistant to denaturation by protease heat and others