Medicinal Drugs and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are methods of transmission of pathogens?

A

by air
direct contact
animal vector (urine, bites etc)
ingestion
by blood (transfusion, intercourse, cuts etc)

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2
Q

What are drugs?

A

any substance that the body takes in which affects or changes it’s metabolic reactions

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3
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

medicinal drugs that kills harmful bacteria by stopping the formation of their cell walls. It is made of microorganisms.

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4
Q

What are antibiotics mainly made of? Why?

A

Fungi, because it and bacteria compete for nutrition

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5
Q

What does overuse of antibiotics cause?

A

the creation of resistant bacteria, due to selection pressure

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6
Q

How do resistant bacteria form?

A

random mutation of bacteria to be resistant, these survive and live on

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7
Q

How does a lymphocyte kill a pathogen?

A

a lymphocyte will not recognize the pathogen
the lymphocyte will reproduce several times
since the lymphocyte has to have a specific shape to fit into the antigens
lymphocytes will release specific antibodies to fight these antigens
some lymphocytes remain dormant as memory cells
antibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytes are attracted to the area to perform phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

when a person receives the antibodies from another source
no memory cells created

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9
Q

What is active immunity?

A

when a person is exposed to the pathogen and the
person produces antibodies and memory cells

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10
Q

What is one example of active artificial immunity?

A

vaccination

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11
Q

What is one example of active natural immunity?

A

contracting a disease

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12
Q

What is one example of passive natural immunity?

A

receives antibodies from plascenta or breast milk

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13
Q

What is one example of passive artificial immunity?

A

venom serum given to person with antibodies, made by injecting venom into horse

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14
Q

What are 4 different ways vaccines can be made?

A

from weakened pathogens
from dead pathogens
from RNA or DNA of a pathogen
from antigens from the pathogen

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15
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

antigens or dead/weakened pathogens injected into bloodstream
lymphocytes detect the antigens/pathogens and multiply
they produce antibodies
they also produce memory cells
the antibodies attach to the antigens, and phagocytosis occurs
creation of memory cells prevent the disease from causing harm to person in the future

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16
Q

What is an advantage of passive immunity?

A

immediate effects and protection, live pathogen not injected

17
Q

What is an advantage of active immunity?

A

memory cells created

18
Q

Name the stages of the body after vaccination.

A

primary immune response, slow production of antibodies
primary production of memory cells
secondary immune response, when infected again
secondary production of memory cells

19
Q

What are symptoms of cholera?

A

vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration

20
Q

What is the name of the pathogen of cholera?

A

vibrio cholera

21
Q

How is cholera treated?

A

antibiotics kill pathogen
ingestion of isotonic solutions to stabilise blood concentration

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the vibrio cholera?

A

destroys cell membrane of colon
activates protein pump that sends chloride to cells in the colon

23
Q

Name 3 ways in which food could be contaminated.

A

washed by dirty water, touches by flies or dirty hands