Medications for Exam#1

Question 1

1. ) What are the four types of Aminoglycosides?
2. ) What is their mode of action?
3. ) What is their spectrum of use? Consequences of prolonged use?

Answer 1

1.) Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin GST K
2.) Binds to 16S (L7 #22) on 30S → misreading of mRNA
3.) Many gram (–), some gram (+).
Prolonged use → impair kidneys and cause deafness

Question 2

1. ) What are the three types of Tetracyclines?
2. ) What is their mode of action?
3. ) What is their spectrum of use?

Answer 2

1. ) Tetracycline, Minocycline, Doxycycline DMT
2. ) Binds 30s → blocks tRNA binding to A site
3. ) Broad spectrum —> Doxycycline: Lyme disease

Question 3

1. ) What is the mode of action for Chloramphenicol?

2. ) What is its spectrum of use?

Answer 3

1. ) Bind to 50S→ Inhibits peptidyl-transferase (inhibits peptide formation).
2. ) Broad Range

Question 4

1. ) What are the two types of Lincosamides?
2. ) What is their mode of action?
3. ) What is their spectrum of use?

Answer 4

1. ) Lincomycin, Clindamycin
2. ) Bind to 50S, dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from ribosome → inhibits peptide formation.
3. ) Restricted Range

Question 5

1. ) What are the three types of Macrolides?
2. ) What is their mode of action?
3. ) What is their spectrum of use (two very specific uses)?

Answer 5

1. ) Erythromycin, Azithromycin (Z-pack), clarithromycin
2. ) Bind to 50S, dissociation of peptidyl-tRNA from ribosome → Inhibits peptide formation blocks transferase activity
3. ) Gram (+): Staph, Strep.

Question 6

1. ) What is the mode of action of Diphtheria toxin?

2. ) What is it produced by?

Answer 6

• Only one on list that operates on eukaryotes*
  1. ) Modifies EF-2 via ADP-ribosylation → blocks translocation (eukaryotes).
  2. ) Toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Question 7

1. ) What is the main type of Oxazolidinone?
2. ) What is its mode of action?
3. ) What is its spectrum of use?

Answer 7

1. ) Linezolid
2. ) Binds to 50S → blocks P site = Blocks initiation complex (i.e. inhibits initiation complex formation).
3. ) Gram (+) activity – Penicillin and vancomycin resistant strains.

Question 8

1. ) What are the two major Quinolones?
2. ) What is their mode of action?
3. ) What is one of their main uses?

Answer 8

1.) Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin.
2.) Type II topoisomerase (DNA gyrase) inhibitors (antibacterial).
3.) Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Gram (–).
L2, #14

Question 9

What are four types of anticancer drugs that interfere with eukaryotic DNA replication? What is their mode of action?

Answer 9

1.) Irinotecan, Topotecan —> Type I topoisomerase inhibitors.
2.) Etoposide, Doxorubicin —> Type II topoisomerase inhibitors.
L2, #14

Question 10

Name four telomerase inhibitors used in cancer treatment. They reduce the size of what?

Answer 10

1.) Imetelstat (GRN163L) – reduces tumor size in glioblastoma (GBM).
2-3.) GRNVAC1 and GRNVAC2.
4.) Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6).
L2, #47

Question 11

Describe the mechanism of Actinomycin D and its uses.

Acridine?

Answer 11

INHIBITORS OF TRANSCRIPTION
1st antibiotic for tumor chemotherapy. Binds DNA template and interferes with RNA pol movement along the DNA –thereby inhibiting transcription.
-Acridine acts by similar mechanism.
L4, #31

Question 12

Describe the mechanism of Rifampin and its uses.

Rifampicin?

Answer 12

An inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase.
-Binds to ß-subunit and prevents RNA synthesis initiation.
-Effective treatment for TB, and prophylactic for bacterial meningitis.
-Red urine, sweat, and tears.
L4, #32

Question 13

Mnemonic to memorize antibiotics

Answer 13

ATa COLM (oi maTe)
A(16s) T(30s) C(50s) *O(50s i)* L(50s) *M(50s T)*
  • a = blocks A-site
  • i = blocks INITIATION complex
  • T = blocks TRANSFERASE activity

DEET2
Diphtheria, Eukaryotes, modifies EF-2, blocks TRANSLOCATION.
• 2 = EF-2

Question 14

What are the two bacterial topoisomerase II (aka ______) inhibitors? (Antibacterial)

Answer 14

DNA gyrase inhibitors: Quinolones - Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin

Question 15

What are the two eukaryotic type 1 topoisomerase inhibitors? What do they treat?

Answer 15

Irinotecan, topotecan. Anticancer

Question 16

What are the two eukaryotic type 2 topoisomerase inhibitors?

Answer 16

Etoposide, doxorubicin