Medications

Question 1

What drugs are Ocular Anesthetic Agents? How are they applied? (route)

Answer 1

Proparacaine HCL - Topically applied to cornea

Question 2

When is Procaracaine HCL used?

Answer 2

before procedures that might cause ocular discomfort, eg: tonometry

Question 3

How long does Procaracaine HCL last?

Answer 3

Rapid onset, lasts 5-10 minutes

Question 4

What drugs are Mydriatic Cycloplegic Vasoconstrictors? In what way can they be administered? (route)

Answer 4

Tropicamide - topically to cornea

Atropine Sulfate - topically to cornea

Question 5

What are Mydriatic Cycloplegic Agents?

Answer 5

Muscarinic receptor blockers used to dilate the pupil

Question 6

When is tropicamide indicated for use in the eye?

Answer 6

Commonly used to dilate pupils to facilitate fundic examination

Question 7

When is Atropine Sulfate indicated for use on the eye?

Answer 7

• Control pain due to corneal and uveal disease by relaxing ciliary muscle spasm
• Also used to dilate pupil in some cases

Question 8

What is the onset and duration of Tropicamide and Atropine?

Answer 8

Tropicamide = rapid onset compared to atropine, duration of action ~6-12 hours. Atropine has longer duration

Question 9

When are Mydriatic Cycloplegic Agents contraindicated?

Answer 9

In cases of glaucoma

Question 10

What are Anti-inflammatory agents used for the eye? What are their routes?

Answer 10

Flurbiprofen - Topical to cornea
Prednisolone Acetate - Topical to cornea or sub-conjunctival
Dexamethasone - Topical to cornea

Question 11

What drug class is Flurbiprofen?

Answer 11

Topical ophthalmic NSAID

Question 12

What drug class is Predisolone Acetate?

Answer 12

Steroidal anti-inflammatory ophthalmic agent

Question 13

What class of drug is Dexamethasone?

Answer 13

Steroidal anti-inflammatory ophthalmic agent

Question 14

When is Flurbiprofen indicated for use in the eye?

Answer 14

• uveal inflammation

- pre-op (controversial)

Question 15

When is Prednisolone acetate indicated for use in the eye?

Answer 15

• anterior uveitis

- Management of steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, sclera, eyelids, and cornea

Question 16

When are Anti-inflammatory agents contraindicated in the eye?

Answer 16

• when there are corneal infections or ulcers (can delay healing)

Question 17

What medications are used to treat glaucoma? Route of administration?

Answer 17

• Timolol Maleate - topical to cornea
• Dorzolamide HCL - topical to cornea
• Latanoprost - topical to cornea

Question 18

What class of Drug is Timolol Maleate? What is it used for?

Answer 18

Beta adrenergic antagonist - used to decrease intraocular pressure. In patients with primary glaucoma or to prevent or delay glaucoma.

Question 19

What class of drug is Dorzolamide HCL? What is it used for?

Answer 19

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - reduce or decrease intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production. In patients with glaucoma, dorzolamide HCL is used in other eye to prevent or reduce glaucoma. Used in secondary glaucoma cases in cats.

Question 20

What class of drug is Latanoprost

Answer 20

Prostaglandin F2 Alpha analog - decreases intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma. Used in canine primary glaucoma cases.

Question 21

What drugs are used as Ophthalmic antibiotic agents? What are their routes of administration?

Answer 21

Tobramycin - topical to cornea
Ofloxacin - topical to cornea
Erythromycin - topical to cornea
Oxytetracycline - topical to cornea
Bacitracin Zinc/Neomycin/Polymyxin B Sulfate - topical to cornea

Question 22

What class of drug is Tobramycin? What is it used for?

Answer 22

Aminoglycoside antibiotic - used for infections with mostly gram negative organisms (pseudomonas, proteus, enterobacter spp.

Question 23

What class of drug is Ofloxacin? What is it used for?

Answer 23

Fluoroquinolone antibiotic - used for infections with gram negatove organisms

Question 24

What class of drug is Erythromycin? What is it used for?

Answer 24

Macrolide Antibiotic - used for infections with gram positive organisms (eg: mycoplasma spp., Clamydia spp., Borrelia spp.)

Question 25

What class of drug is Oxytetracycline? What is it used for?

Answer 25

Tetracycline Antibiotic - broad spectrum antimicrobial agent. Most useful in cases of chlamydia and mycoplasma

Question 26

What class of drug is Bacitracin Zinc/Neomycin/Polymyxin B Sulfate? What is it used for?

Answer 26

Broad spectrum antibiotic agent - used for conjunctivitis in dogs. Used prophylactically in cases of corneal ulcers. Superficial corneal ulcers only (poor penetration)

Question 27

What drugs are used in Keratoconjunctivitis cases? What are their routes?

Answer 27

Cyclosporine - topical to cornea

Tacrolimus - topical to cornea

Question 28

What is the method of action of Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus?

Answer 28

stimulates tear production but MOA not fully known.