Medications Flashcards
chemical name
identifies drug’s atomic and molecular structure
what nomenclature is ibuprofen
generic
generic name
assigned by the manufacturer that first develops the drug
official name
name by which the drug is identified in official publications United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF) (typically generic name)
trade name
brand name copyrighted by the company that sells the drug
what nomenclature is advil and motrin
trade name
examples of oral meds
Capsule, pill, tablet, extended release, elixir, suspension, syrup
examples of topical meds
Liniment, lotion, ointment, suppository, transdermal patch
drug classifications
Classified by effect on body system; chemical composition; clinical indication or therapeutic action (2 primary classifications)
pharmaceutical class
Refers to the mechanism of action (MOA), physiologic effect (PE), and chemical structure (CS) of the drug (attacks bacteria by…)
therapeutic class
Refers to the clinical indication (why you’re using it) for the drug or therapeutic action (e.g., analgesic, antibiotic, or antihypertensive).
pharmacokinetics
effect of body on drug
absorption
drug moves from site of administration into bloodstream
distribution
drug transported in body fluid (typically bloodstream) to site of action: tissue/organ
metabolism
chemical conversion of drug in the body into water. Soluble compound of metabolites that can be excreted
excretion
drug molecules removed from site of action and eliminated from body
Factors Affecting Absorption of Medications
Route of administration
Lipid solubility
pH
Blood flow
Local conditions at the site of administration
Drug dosage
pharmacodynamics
the process by which drugs alter cell physiology and affect the body.
(how the drug affects the body)
Drugs turn on, turn off, promote, or block responses that are part of the body’s processes.
Drug–receptor interaction occurs when the drug interacts with one or more cellular structures to alter cell function.
Drugs may also combine with other molecules in the body to achieve their effect.
Other drugs act on the cell membrane or alter the cellular environment to achieve their effect.
drug-receptor interaction
occurs when the drug interacts with one or more cellular structures to alter cell function
palliative effects
treats symptoms of disease but not disease itself
supportive effects
supporting integrity of body function until another drug is effective
substitute effects
replace body fluids or chemical chemotherapeutic effects-destroy disease-producing organisms
restorative effects
restore to optimal health
examples adverse drug effects
Allergic effects: anaphylactic reaction
Drug tolerance
Toxic effect
Idiosyncratic effect
Drug interactions: antagonistic and synergistic effects
examples of allergic effects
hives, itching, inflammation of nose and sinuses, sudden restriction of bronchioles
drug tolerance
building up tolerance; decreased repsonse requires more drug for the same effect
toxic effect
too much drug causes damage to organs or tissues
idiosyncratic effect
abnormal response (unpredictable) ex. Benadryl making some children hyper
drug ineractions
antagonist and synergistic effects; effect decreased or increased ex. warfarin- vitamin k antagonist, asprin- bloodthinner
factors affecting drug action
Developmental considerations
Weight
Gender
Genetic and cultural factors
Psychological factors
Pathology
Environment
Timing of administration
drug dose and serum drug levels
therapeutic range, trough level, and half-life
therapeutic range
concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity
trough level
the point when the drug is at its lowest concentration, indicating the rate of elimination
half-life
amount of time it takes for 50% of blood concentration of a drug to be eliminated from the body
1.5 grams is how many mg
1500 mg
types of medication orders
standing order (routine order), prn, single or one-time order, stat order
standing order (routine order)
carried out until cancelled by another order
prn order
as needed, state why we are giving med
stat order
carried out immediately ex. Narcan and nitroglycerin
parts of the medication order
Patient’s name
Date and time order is written
Name of drug to be administered
Dosage of drug
Route by which drug is to be administered
Frequency of administration of the drug
Signature of person writing the order
what does qd mean
1 time a day
medication supply systems
Stock supply
Individual unit dose supply
Medication cart
Computerized automated dispensing system
Bar code–enabled medication cart (BCMA)
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In which of the following medication supply systems are large quantities of medications kept on the nursing unit making them immediately available to the nurse?
A. Individual supply
B. Stock supply
C. Unit dose system
D. Bar-coded medication cart
b. stock supply (does eliminate double check system)
controlled substances
can develop a dependency to
controlled substances required info
Name of patient receiving narcotic
Amount of narcotic used
Hour narcotic was given
Name of physician prescribing narcotic
Name of the nurse administering narcotic
3 checks of med administration
Read the label:
When the nurse reaches for the container or unit dose package
After retrieval from the drawer and compared with the eMAR/MAR, or compared with the eMAR/MAR immediately before pouring from a multidose container
Before giving the unit dose medication to the patient or when replacing the multi-dose container in the drawer or shelf
what to do if you make a medication error
Check patient’s condition immediately; observe for adverse effects.
Notify nurse manager and primary care provider.
Write description of error and remedial steps taken on medical record (always objective)
Complete form used for reporting errors, as dictated by the facility policy.
Special event, event, unusual occurrence report
types of med errors
Inappropriate prescribing of the drug
Extra, omitted, or wrong doses
Administration of drug to wrong patient
Administration of drug by wrong route or rate
Failure to give medication within prescribed time
Incorrect preparation of drug
Improper technique when administering drug
Giving drug that has deteriorated
nurses’s rights of medication administration
Right medication
Right patient
Right dosage
Right route
Right time
Right reason
patient’s rights to med administration
Right assessment data
Right documentation
Right response
Right to education
Right to refuse
identifying the patient
Checking the identification bracelet
Validating the patient’s name (first identifier)
Validating the patient’s identification number, medical record number, and/or birth date (second identifier)
Comparing with the CMAR or MAR
Asking the patient to state his or her name if possible
solid form of oral meds
tablets, capsules, pills
liquid forms of oral meds
elixirs, spirits, suspensions, and syrups
types of administrations of oral meds
oral route, enteral route, sublingual administration, and buccal administration
oral route
having patient swallow drug (possibility of choking)
enteral route
Administering drug through an enteral tube (ng tube) must be crushed or liquid, goes through gi tract
sublingual administration
placing drug under tougue
buccal administration
placing drug between tongue and cheek
types of topical administration of meds
Skin applications
Eye instillations and irrigations
Ear instillations and irrigations
Nasal instillations
Vaginal applications
Rectal instillations
medical record documentation
Name of the medication
Dosage
Route and time of administration
Name of person administering medication
Site used for an injection
Intentional or inadvertently omitted (hold) drugs
Refused drugs
Medication errors
patient teaching
Review techniques of medication administration.
Remind the patient to take the medication as prescribed for as long as prescribed.
Instruct the patient not to alter dosages without consulting a physician.
Caution the patient not to share medications.
