Medical Terms Flashcards
What is a normal Blood Pressure
90/60 - 120/80
What is considered Hypotensive
BP less than <90/60
70/40 - 90/60
What is considered Hypertensive
BP over 140/90
140/90 - 160/100
(headaches, blurred vision)
What is a normal BGL?
4.0-8.0 mmHg
Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetic?
Type 1 - Body does not produce enough insulin (autoimmune disorder)
Type 2 - body cannot use insulin properly (developed over time)
Signs and symptoms of Diabetes
Increased thirst/hunger
Urinating often
Slow healing of wounds
Extreme fatigue
Blurry vision
Tingling in hands
Weight loss
Respiratory rates (adult)
Normal - 12-20
Bradypnea - under 12
Tachypnea - over 20
Pulse Rates (adult)
Normal - 60-100
Athlete - 40-50 (ask if under 60)
Tachycardia - 100-150
Bradycardia - under 60
Usually primary heart problem - 150+
Max HR for working out - 220 minus age
SP02 (adults) ranges
Normal 94-100 (depending on lifestyle)
COPD or late stage heart condition - 90-94 (ask what normal saturations are)
What is a hematoma
Bad bruise - spongy, rubbery, lumpy feel
What is a contusion
A bruise
What is an abrasion
Cut or scrape that typically isn’t serious
What is an embolism
An arterial blockage, often caused by a blood clot
What is a Pneumothorax
Air gets in between the lung and the chest wall, pushing the lung down and causing it to collapse out of its usual shape
Explain asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. - reactive to allergies/airborne contaminants, physical exertion
What is an autoimmune disorder
occurs when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake.
What does the thyroid do?
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. It produces hormones that play a key role in regulating blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, metabolism and the reaction of the body to other hormones.
What is coronary artery disease (CAD) (coronary heart disease)
Narrowing of (coronary) arteries that supply blood to the heart due to plaque buildup
Over time CAD can weaken the heart leading to heart failure a condition where the heart can’t pump blood the way it should
Symptoms: angina (chest pain or discomfort), weakness, cold sweat, nausea, pain in arms or shoulders,
SOB
What is angina (angina pectoris)
chest pain or discomfort that occurs when part of your heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.
It is a common symptom of coronary heart disease, which develops when the arteries of the heart become partially or totally blocked
What it feels like:
- Chest pain
- chest pressure
- squeezing sensation in chest
- indigestion
- pain that spreads to neck, jaw, arms, back, belly
Other symptoms:
- fatigue
- nausea vomitting
- shortness of breath
- sweating a lot
Diagnosing altered LOC acronym
SSSSNOT
Sugar - BGL?
Stroke - Stroke Scale
Sepsis - pneumonia/UTI?
Seizure - seizure history/meds?
Narcan - any drug overdose?
Oxygen - Hypoxic?
Trauma - Head trauma? Etc.
Difficulty breathing diagnosis
HORID
Heart attack - EKG/Lung Sounds
Obstructions - Foreign body?
Reactive - Asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis
Infection - pneumonia/infection
Death - pulmonary embolism/pneumothorax
What is dextrose
Sugar substitute for diabetics
What is Saline
Sodium Chloride NaCl
Used for rehydration and electrolytes
Nitroglycerin Contraindications
Viagra/levrita (24hrs) Cialis (48hrs)
BP Systolic over 110mmHg
HR between 50 and 150
If no prescription call epos
check if pain persists between each dose
*Q3-5min
What is a distracting injury
A distracting injury has been defined as any injury that distracts the patient’s attention from another separate injury, including the vertebral spine.
Discontinue CPR Protocol
20 minute check: CPR is to be administered by emergency health care providers for no less than 20 continuous minutes, after which CliniCall must be contacted for discontinuation orders where all of the following are present:
-The arrest was unwitnessed by paramedics or EMRs/FRs, and
-No shocks were delivered,
-no return of spontaneous circulation, regardless of duration.
Patients for whom these criteria are true have a 0.12% survival rate.1,2 If any of these elements are not satisfied, the resuscitation must continue to 30 minutes.
30 and 40 minute checks: The likelihood of meaningful survival for patients still in cardiac arrest at the 30 minute mark is:
-Initial non-shockable rhythm: < 1%
-Initial shockable rhythm: 11%3-5
Termination of resuscitation is appropriate at the 30 minute mark for those patients whose initial rhythm was not shockable.
Resuscitation should be extended to 40 minutes for patients whose initial rhythm was shockable, at which point it can be terminated if return of spontaneous circulation has not been achieved.
What is Acetaminophen
Tylenol
Analgesic (pain killer)
What is myocardial ischemia?
Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). If the plaques rupture, you can have a heart attack (myocardial infarction).
What is a beta blocker?
any of a class of drugs that prevent the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors (adrenaline/epinephrin) responsible for increased cardiac action. Beta blockers are used to control heart rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high blood pressure. Makes the heart beat more slowly and with less force.
Side effects of beta blockers?
Hypotension, BradyCardia,
Fatigue, nausea, dizziness, constipation
What is dimenhydrinate
Gravol
(Antihistamine)
What is ibuprofen
Advil, Motrin, actiprofen
(analgesic, non steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic)
Contraindication:
- hypersensitivity
- active gastrointestinal haemorrhage or ulcer
- pregnancy
Caution:
- alternative treatment for patients with history of gastrointestinal, renal, or significant cardiovascular disease
What warrants full SMR and Simple SMR (age 16-65)
FULL SMR (more than one simultaneous injury, multiple bone fractures, major lacerations, damage to internal organs/blood vessels):
- Multi-Trauma
- neurological deficits
Simple (collar on, head not taped, no clam shell, head of stretcher only up 30 degrees if head injured):
- Meets modified Nexus Criteria
• Midline tenderness?
• Altered Loc? (Must be alert&orien. X3)
• Are there new focal neurological deficits?
• Are they intoxicated? (Judgement and pain sensation must be intact)
• is there a major distracting injury? (Significant enough to interfere with ability to assess pain response when palpating the spine)
What is Gerd
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus). This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus. (Heart burn)
Signs:
A sour taste in the mouth.
Regurgitation (when stomach contents back up into the mouth)
Nausea.
Burping.
Bloating.
Dry cough or throat clearing repeatedly.
Sore throat, hoarseness or laryngitis.
Shortness of breath.
What is laryngitis
an inflammation of your voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection
What is a CVA?
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
happens when blood flow to your brain is stopped
What are the two types of strokes
An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain.
A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain
2 shockable rhythms
V-Fib (ventricular fibrillation)
V-tach (pulseless ventricular tachycardia)
What is a hemorrhage
Bleeding, also called hemorrhage, is the name used to describe blood loss. It can refer to blood loss inside the body, called internal bleeding, or to blood loss outside of the body, called external bleeding.
Pulmonary embolism ?
a sudden blockage in your pulmonary arteries, the blood vessels that send blood to your lungs. It usually happens when a blood clot in the deep veins in your leg breaks off and travels to your lungs. A blood clot that travels to another part of your body is called an embolus.
What is AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
a bulge in the wall of your aorta, the main artery from your heart. Aortic aneurysms form in a weak area in your artery wall. They may rupture (burst) or split (dissect), which can cause life-threatening internal bleeding or block the flow of blood from your heart to various organs.
What is insulin dependent diabetes
Type 1 (aka juvenile diabetes)
In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
What is a STEMI?
a type of heart attack that is more serious and has a greater risk of serious complications and death. It gets its name from how it mainly affects the heart’s lower chambers and changes how electrical current travels through them.
What does apneic mean
a condition in which a person, either an infant or a sleeping adult, involuntarily and temporarily stops breathing
What is Decorticate and Decerebrate
Decorticate (inward stiffening)
Decerebrate (outward stiffening)
What is cardiogenic shock
Due to heart problems
heart has been damaged so much that it is unable to supply enough blood and oxygen to the organs of the body.
What is hypovolemic shock
Caused by too little blood volume (significant blood loss)
What is anaphylactic shock
Allergic reaction
Septic Shock?
Due to infections
What are the signs someone is in shock
Low blood pressure. Altered mental state, including reduced alertness and awareness, confusion, and sleepiness. Cold, moist skin.
How to splint a shoulder injury ?
Sling with padding
How to splint forearm/wrist
Sam splint folded and bended at the edges - wrap elbow and point out towards wrist. Make hand fold so pt can hold. Tie Sam splint
How to splint humerus
See picture
How to splint leg/ankle
Wrap around ball of foot and splint upwards
How long can you go without heart beating
Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes.
What are all of the vitals
Pupils
HR
RR
GSC
Pain
BGL
BP
SPO2
Auscultate for SOB
Describe Isbar
Describe ATMIST-AMBO
Used in person as handoff
Describe the 3 kinds of bleeds
Age range and names
How to deal with choking infant
How to deal with choking infant
Age classes
What are the essentials of major trauma?
-Rapidly obtain definitive hemorrhage control
- maximize tissue oxygenation
- prevent or limit the development of hypothermia
- minimize the use of crystalloid fluid (saline,ringers lactate) for volume replacement
- initiate rapid conveyance to an appropriate lead trauma hospital or utilize clinical pathway
Pelvic binder indications ?
- pelvic pain on exam
- pelvic instability
- decreased LOC
- Major injury distracting from pelvic exam
- HR over 100 or sys BP below 90
Crush injury essentials
Main concern of releasing a crush injury (reperfusion of muscle):
- cardiac dysrethmias
- hypovolemia (sudden loss of a lot of blood/fluid)
- metabolic acidosis (too much acid in blood)
LEADS TO SHOCK
Treatment
- oxygen
- keep warm
- call Clinicall before release
- consider tourniquet before release
- consider pain management
How to deal with eye injury
- penetrating objects should be left in place and stabilized
- cover both eyes and keep patient at rest
- consider analgesic
- elevate head if possible
- irrigate with saline if exposed to chemicals - call clinicall
No SMR but Thoracolumbar criteria, what do you do
Do not sit patient up or raise the head of the stretcher on the assumption that thoracic or lumbar injuries may be present:
- fall from height 10ft or more
- axial loading to head or base of spine
- high speed MVC - 100km or more
- rollover MVC
- new back deformity, bruising, bony midline tenderness
Open pneumothorax?
Simple pneumothorax?
Tension pneumothorax?
Simple: sudden onset of a collapsed lung without any apparent cause, such as a traumatic injury to the chest or a known lung disease.
Open: traumatic pneumothorax when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung due to an open chest wound or physical defect caused by trauma
Tension: large air collection in the pleural space compromises respiration and cardiac function. This condition can arise from events like trauma or aggressive mechanical ventilation or resuscitation
How to deal with extruded bowels or eviscerated abdominal content
Cover contents with moist, sterile dressing followed by an occlusive layer
What is an occlusive dressing
An occlusive dressing is an air- and water-tight trauma medical dressing used in first aid. These dressings are generally made with a waxy coating so as to provide a total seal, and as a result do not have the absorbent properties of gauze pads.
Basic guideline Narcotic OD
Indication
- Pinpoint pupils
- Decreased RR
- Altered LOC
- History suggestive of drug use
Before Narcan
- OPA/BVM/Oxygenate
- Baseline Vitals
Narcan (Q3)
- administer 0.4mg (1ml) shoulder
- Load and transport if no improvement
- (Q3) 0.4mg (1ml) shoulder
- (Q3) 0.8 mg (2ml) Other shoulder
- (Q3) 2.0 mg (5ml) Quad
- if no improvement consider BGL, call medical oversight *
*0.4mg = 1ml = 1 ampule
Aspirin (ASA/acetylsalicylic acid)
Contra/Caution
Contra:
Dose - 162mg (24hrs) ?????
Asthma inducing - resp reaction
Allergic
Acute bleeds/head injury/peptic ulce
Paediatric W/ Volatile symptoms
Caution:
Pregnant
Blood Disorders - Hemophilia
Anti-Coagulants (blood thinners)
Recent Bleeds
Recent Surgeries
What is an anti-platelet?
Antiplatelets are a group of medicines that stop blood cells (called platelets) from sticking together and forming a blood clot.
Nitroglycerin requirements
Prescription? Yes or no? If no - call EPOS
Erectile dysfunction meds - viagra/levrita (24hrs)? Cialis (48hrs)?
Allergies to nitro?
Systolic over 110
HR between 50-150
Cardiac chest pain procedure minus contra/cautions
• Primary, Secondary, OPQRRRST
• Rule in CP as cardiac in nature (lung sounds, cardiac history, trauma to chest, even rise and fall of lungs?
• TRAMPD/Contra- ASA (81mg x 2 chewed Oral)
• Obtain Baseline Vitals
• TRAMPD/Contra - Nitro (0.4mg SL Q3-5 to a max of 3 sprays then call EPOS)
LOAD after first nitro spray
IF pain persists or BP below 110
- administer entonox 5 mins after last nitro
- continue assess, vitals Q5
- Nitro protocol may be repeated after 30 mins of first dose
What is simple SMR?
Hard collar
Head rolls
What is Full SMR
clamshell, hard collar, head roll
How do you do spinal restriction on a pediatric (under 16 yrs old)
NO modified SMR (simple)
For FULL SMR:
- Multi Trauma
- Acute neurological deficits
- major mechanism with altered LOC
Major mechanisms:
- Fall greater than 3 ft
- high speed MVI/pedestrian
- high energy blunt trauma
- Axial loading injuries
also indicated in PT with
- midline neck pain
- Torticollis
- predisposing med condition
Many children do not fit or tolerate a hard collar, consider towel rolls or foam blocks around head and neck
Name the body positons
Stop CPR protocol
Stop at 20 mins if:
- arrest was NOT witnessed by medics
- no shocks were delivered
- no return of spontaneous circulation, regardless of duration
If any yes -> 30 mins
Stop at 30 mins if;
- No shock was advised at all
If shock was advised -> 40 mins
Then at 40 mins:
- Call EPOS (confirm end orders)
Complete ROLLS
- heart sounds 90 secs
- lung sounds 90 secs
- palpate Corotid
- check stimulus
- pupils - fixed, dialated
Completing ROLLS once patient is suspected diseased
Heart sounds (90 seconds)
Lung sounds (90 seconds)
Palpate corotid
Check stimulus
Pupils - fixed, dialated
Chest Pain Diagnosis acronym
P.A.P.P.A
Paracarditis - pain better/worse leaning forward or back?
Acute coronary syndrome - chest pain, SOB, weakness, gastric pain
Pneumothorax - lung sounds, equal rise & fall
Pulmonary embolism - sudden SOB, pain worse with breathing,
Aneurysm - weakened arterial wall - thunderclap headache
What is paracarditis
Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart. This tissue is called the pericardium. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Pericarditis often is mild
What does Rales/crackles/bubble through straw indicate (lung sounds)
Wet lungs/Fluid in lungs
Bilateral?: CHF (congestive heart failure)
- pink frothy sputum
-hypertension
- chest pain
- JVD (jugular vein distension)
To treat CHF - CPAP & Nitro
Unilateral? (Pneumonia)
- fever
- chills
- green/yellow sputum
- body aches
pneumonia can be bilateral - less common
To treat pneumonia - Oxygen, assess severity
What does wheezing indicate?
Tight lungs, bronchial restriction
Asthma
- Nebulizer (albuterol)
- Epi IM for severe asthma
- magnesium drip (grams)
Anaphylaxis
- Epinephrine
COPD
- CPAP
- albuterol
What does absent/diminished lung sounds indicate?
Bilateral:
- Severe constriction: Epi, Mag drip, Nebs
Unilateral:
- tension pneumothorax
Signs: JVD, trachea deviation, tachycardia, hypotension
Treat: oxygen, rapid transport
Rhonchi lung sounds (continues low pitch - snoring/gurgling
“Junk in your lung”
-infection, green/yellow sputum
- do they need airway support?
- give o2 as needed
- chills/fever/body ache, infections
Stridor lung sounds (upper airway sound)
Major medical emergency opening/closing of upper airway, tightening of upper airway
- Trauma to upper airway
- Croup (pediatric - age 4 common) more gradual, barking cough
- epiglottitis: instant, drooling, any age, inflammation of epiglottis
- Airway inhalation burn
- FBO, partially occluded airway?
- anaphylaxis; 2 or more body systems being affected by allergen
Stroke acronym
Face - drooping on one side?
Arms - have them close eyes, raise both arms, one arm weakness
Speech - slurring? Can’t speak?
Time - when was the last time they were seen normal?
Stroke signs?
FAST
high BP
dizziness + headache
Nausea+vomit
Confusion
The sneaky stroke (cerebellar stroke)
-Fluttering eye motion
- severe headache
- vertigo (spinning)
- nausea vomitting
- walking problems/balance
- nystalgmis
What are all of the spinal holds
Modified Right/left trap grip (for rolling) - arm always supports weight
trap grip (stabilization)
Sternal spinal (transition grip) used in 3/4 prone roll
Sternal grip - when person at head needs to transfer spinal hold grip, someone else will do a Sternal grip when pt in prone.
Head grip - stabilization
align to mid when laying supine
person at head calls roll
Medical name for knee
Patella
