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Medical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal Blood Pressure

A

90/60 - 120/80

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2
Q

What is considered Hypotensive

A

BP less than <90/60

70/40 - 90/60

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3
Q

What is considered Hypertensive

A

BP over 140/90

140/90 - 160/100

(headaches, blurred vision)

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4
Q

What is a normal BGL?

A

4.0-8.0 mmHg

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5
Q

Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetic?

A

Type 1 - Body does not produce enough insulin (autoimmune disorder)

Type 2 - body cannot use insulin properly (developed over time)

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6
Q

Signs and symptoms of Diabetes

A

Increased thirst/hunger
Urinating often
Slow healing of wounds
Extreme fatigue
Blurry vision
Tingling in hands
Weight loss

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7
Q

Respiratory rates (adult)

A

Normal - 12-20
Bradypnea - under 12
Tachypnea - over 20

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8
Q

Pulse Rates (adult)

A

Normal - 60-100
Athlete - 40-50 (ask if under 60)
Tachycardia - 100-150
Bradycardia - under 60

Usually primary heart problem - 150+

Max HR for working out - 220 minus age

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9
Q

SP02 (adults) ranges

A

Normal 94-100 (depending on lifestyle)

COPD or late stage heart condition - 90-94 (ask what normal saturations are)

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10
Q

What is a hematoma

A

Bad bruise - spongy, rubbery, lumpy feel

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11
Q

What is a contusion

A

A bruise

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12
Q

What is an abrasion

A

Cut or scrape that typically isn’t serious

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13
Q

What is an embolism

A

An arterial blockage, often caused by a blood clot

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14
Q

What is a Pneumothorax

A

Air gets in between the lung and the chest wall, pushing the lung down and causing it to collapse out of its usual shape

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15
Q

Explain asthma

A

Asthma is a chronic condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. - reactive to allergies/airborne contaminants, physical exertion

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16
Q

What is an autoimmune disorder

A

occurs when the body’s immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake.

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17
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. It produces hormones that play a key role in regulating blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, metabolism and the reaction of the body to other hormones.

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18
Q

What is coronary artery disease (CAD) (coronary heart disease)

A

Narrowing of (coronary) arteries that supply blood to the heart due to plaque buildup

Over time CAD can weaken the heart leading to heart failure a condition where the heart can’t pump blood the way it should

Symptoms: angina (chest pain or discomfort), weakness, cold sweat, nausea, pain in arms or shoulders,
SOB

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19
Q

What is angina (angina pectoris)

A

chest pain or discomfort that occurs when part of your heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.

It is a common symptom of coronary heart disease, which develops when the arteries of the heart become partially or totally blocked

What it feels like:
- Chest pain
- chest pressure
- squeezing sensation in chest
- indigestion
- pain that spreads to neck, jaw, arms, back, belly

Other symptoms:
- fatigue
- nausea vomitting
- shortness of breath
- sweating a lot

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20
Q

Diagnosing altered LOC acronym

A

SSSSNOT

Sugar - BGL?
Stroke - Stroke Scale
Sepsis - pneumonia/UTI?
Seizure - seizure history/meds?
Narcan - any drug overdose?
Oxygen - Hypoxic?
Trauma - Head trauma? Etc.

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21
Q

Difficulty breathing diagnosis

A

HORID

Heart attack - EKG/Lung Sounds
Obstructions - Foreign body?
Reactive - Asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis
Infection - pneumonia/infection
Death - pulmonary embolism/pneumothorax

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22
Q

What is dextrose

A

Sugar substitute for diabetics

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23
Q

What is Saline

A

Sodium Chloride NaCl

Used for rehydration and electrolytes

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24
Q

Nitroglycerin Contraindications

A

Viagra/levrita (24hrs) Cialis (48hrs)
BP Systolic over 110mmHg
HR between 50 and 150
If no prescription call epos

check if pain persists between each dose

*Q3-5min

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25
Q

What is a distracting injury

A

A distracting injury has been defined as any injury that distracts the patient’s attention from another separate injury, including the vertebral spine.

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26
Q

Discontinue CPR Protocol

A

20 minute check: CPR is to be administered by emergency health care providers for no less than 20 continuous minutes, after which CliniCall must be contacted for discontinuation orders where all of the following are present:

-The arrest was unwitnessed by paramedics or EMRs/FRs, and
-No shocks were delivered,
-no return of spontaneous circulation, regardless of duration.

Patients for whom these criteria are true have a 0.12% survival rate.1,2 If any of these elements are not satisfied, the resuscitation must continue to 30 minutes.

30 and 40 minute checks: The likelihood of meaningful survival for patients still in cardiac arrest at the 30 minute mark is:

-Initial non-shockable rhythm: < 1%
-Initial shockable rhythm: 11%3-5

Termination of resuscitation is appropriate at the 30 minute mark for those patients whose initial rhythm was not shockable.

Resuscitation should be extended to 40 minutes for patients whose initial rhythm was shockable, at which point it can be terminated if return of spontaneous circulation has not been achieved.

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27
Q

What is Acetaminophen

A

Tylenol
Analgesic (pain killer)

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28
Q

What is myocardial ischemia?

A

Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis). If the plaques rupture, you can have a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

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29
Q

What is a beta blocker?

A

any of a class of drugs that prevent the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors (adrenaline/epinephrin) responsible for increased cardiac action. Beta blockers are used to control heart rhythm, treat angina, and reduce high blood pressure. Makes the heart beat more slowly and with less force.

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30
Q

Side effects of beta blockers?

A

Hypotension, BradyCardia,

Fatigue, nausea, dizziness, constipation

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31
Q

What is dimenhydrinate

A

Gravol
(Antihistamine)

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32
Q

What is ibuprofen

A

Advil, Motrin, actiprofen

(analgesic, non steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic)

Contraindication:
- hypersensitivity
- active gastrointestinal haemorrhage or ulcer
- pregnancy

Caution:
- alternative treatment for patients with history of gastrointestinal, renal, or significant cardiovascular disease

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33
Q

What warrants full SMR and Simple SMR (age 16-65)

A

FULL SMR (more than one simultaneous injury, multiple bone fractures, major lacerations, damage to internal organs/blood vessels):

  • Multi-Trauma
  • neurological deficits

Simple (collar on, head not taped, no clam shell, head of stretcher only up 30 degrees if head injured):

  • Meets modified Nexus Criteria

• Midline tenderness?
• Altered Loc? (Must be alert&orien. X3)
• Are there new focal neurological deficits?
• Are they intoxicated? (Judgement and pain sensation must be intact)
• is there a major distracting injury? (Significant enough to interfere with ability to assess pain response when palpating the spine)

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34
Q

What is Gerd

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus). This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus. (Heart burn)

Signs:

A sour taste in the mouth.
Regurgitation (when stomach contents back up into the mouth)
Nausea.
Burping.
Bloating.
Dry cough or throat clearing repeatedly.
Sore throat, hoarseness or laryngitis.
Shortness of breath.

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35
Q

What is laryngitis

A

an inflammation of your voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection

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36
Q

What is a CVA?

A

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

happens when blood flow to your brain is stopped

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37
Q

What are the two types of strokes

A

An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain.

A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain

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38
Q

2 shockable rhythms

A

V-Fib (ventricular fibrillation)
V-tach (pulseless ventricular tachycardia)

39
Q

What is a hemorrhage

A

Bleeding, also called hemorrhage, is the name used to describe blood loss. It can refer to blood loss inside the body, called internal bleeding, or to blood loss outside of the body, called external bleeding.

40
Q

Pulmonary embolism ?

A

a sudden blockage in your pulmonary arteries, the blood vessels that send blood to your lungs. It usually happens when a blood clot in the deep veins in your leg breaks off and travels to your lungs. A blood clot that travels to another part of your body is called an embolus.

41
Q

What is AAA

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

a bulge in the wall of your aorta, the main artery from your heart. Aortic aneurysms form in a weak area in your artery wall. They may rupture (burst) or split (dissect), which can cause life-threatening internal bleeding or block the flow of blood from your heart to various organs.

42
Q

What is insulin dependent diabetes

A

Type 1 (aka juvenile diabetes)

In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.

43
Q

What is a STEMI?

A

a type of heart attack that is more serious and has a greater risk of serious complications and death. It gets its name from how it mainly affects the heart’s lower chambers and changes how electrical current travels through them.

44
Q

What does apneic mean

A

a condition in which a person, either an infant or a sleeping adult, involuntarily and temporarily stops breathing

45
Q

What is Decorticate and Decerebrate

A

Decorticate (inward stiffening)

Decerebrate (outward stiffening)

46
Q

What is cardiogenic shock

A

Due to heart problems

heart has been damaged so much that it is unable to supply enough blood and oxygen to the organs of the body.

47
Q

What is hypovolemic shock

A

Caused by too little blood volume (significant blood loss)

48
Q

What is anaphylactic shock

A

Allergic reaction

49
Q

Septic Shock?

A

Due to infections

50
Q

What are the signs someone is in shock

A

Low blood pressure. Altered mental state, including reduced alertness and awareness, confusion, and sleepiness. Cold, moist skin.

51
Q

How to splint a shoulder injury ?

A

Sling with padding

52
Q

How to splint forearm/wrist

A

Sam splint folded and bended at the edges - wrap elbow and point out towards wrist. Make hand fold so pt can hold. Tie Sam splint

53
Q

How to splint humerus

A

See picture

54
Q

How to splint leg/ankle

A

Wrap around ball of foot and splint upwards

55
Q

How long can you go without heart beating

A

Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes.

56
Q

What are all of the vitals

A

Pupils
HR
RR
GSC
Pain
BGL
BP
SPO2
Auscultate for SOB

57
Q

Describe Isbar

A
58
Q

Describe ATMIST-AMBO

A

Used in person as handoff

59
Q

Describe the 3 kinds of bleeds

A
60
Q

Age range and names

A
61
Q

How to deal with choking infant

A
62
Q

How to deal with choking infant

A
63
Q

Age classes

A
64
Q

What are the essentials of major trauma?

A

-Rapidly obtain definitive hemorrhage control
- maximize tissue oxygenation
- prevent or limit the development of hypothermia
- minimize the use of crystalloid fluid (saline,ringers lactate) for volume replacement
- initiate rapid conveyance to an appropriate lead trauma hospital or utilize clinical pathway

65
Q

Pelvic binder indications ?

A
  • pelvic pain on exam
  • pelvic instability
  • decreased LOC
  • Major injury distracting from pelvic exam
  • HR over 100 or sys BP below 90
66
Q

Crush injury essentials

A

Main concern of releasing a crush injury (reperfusion of muscle):

  • cardiac dysrethmias
  • hypovolemia (sudden loss of a lot of blood/fluid)
  • metabolic acidosis (too much acid in blood)

LEADS TO SHOCK

Treatment
- oxygen
- keep warm
- call Clinicall before release
- consider tourniquet before release
- consider pain management

67
Q

How to deal with eye injury

A
  • penetrating objects should be left in place and stabilized
  • cover both eyes and keep patient at rest
  • consider analgesic
  • elevate head if possible
  • irrigate with saline if exposed to chemicals - call clinicall
68
Q

No SMR but Thoracolumbar criteria, what do you do

A

Do not sit patient up or raise the head of the stretcher on the assumption that thoracic or lumbar injuries may be present:

  • fall from height 10ft or more
  • axial loading to head or base of spine
  • high speed MVC - 100km or more
  • rollover MVC
  • new back deformity, bruising, bony midline tenderness
69
Q

Open pneumothorax?
Simple pneumothorax?
Tension pneumothorax?

A

Simple: sudden onset of a collapsed lung without any apparent cause, such as a traumatic injury to the chest or a known lung disease.

Open: traumatic pneumothorax when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung due to an open chest wound or physical defect caused by trauma

Tension: large air collection in the pleural space compromises respiration and cardiac function. This condition can arise from events like trauma or aggressive mechanical ventilation or resuscitation

70
Q

How to deal with extruded bowels or eviscerated abdominal content

A

Cover contents with moist, sterile dressing followed by an occlusive layer

71
Q

What is an occlusive dressing

A

An occlusive dressing is an air- and water-tight trauma medical dressing used in first aid. These dressings are generally made with a waxy coating so as to provide a total seal, and as a result do not have the absorbent properties of gauze pads.

72
Q

Basic guideline Narcotic OD

A

Indication
- Pinpoint pupils
- Decreased RR
- Altered LOC
- History suggestive of drug use

Before Narcan
- OPA/BVM/Oxygenate
- Baseline Vitals

Narcan (Q3)
- administer 0.4mg (1ml) shoulder
- Load and transport if no improvement
- (Q3) 0.4mg (1ml) shoulder
- (Q3) 0.8 mg (2ml) Other shoulder
- (Q3) 2.0 mg (5ml) Quad

  • if no improvement consider BGL, call medical oversight *

*0.4mg = 1ml = 1 ampule

73
Q

Aspirin (ASA/acetylsalicylic acid)
Contra/Caution

A

Contra:

Dose - 162mg (24hrs) ?????
Asthma inducing - resp reaction
Allergic
Acute bleeds/head injury/peptic ulce
Paediatric W/ Volatile symptoms

Caution:

Pregnant
Blood Disorders - Hemophilia
Anti-Coagulants (blood thinners)
Recent Bleeds
Recent Surgeries

74
Q

What is an anti-platelet?

A

Antiplatelets are a group of medicines that stop blood cells (called platelets) from sticking together and forming a blood clot.

75
Q

Nitroglycerin requirements

A

Prescription? Yes or no? If no - call EPOS

Erectile dysfunction meds - viagra/levrita (24hrs)? Cialis (48hrs)?

Allergies to nitro?

Systolic over 110

HR between 50-150

76
Q

Cardiac chest pain procedure minus contra/cautions

A

• Primary, Secondary, OPQRRRST

• Rule in CP as cardiac in nature (lung sounds, cardiac history, trauma to chest, even rise and fall of lungs?

• TRAMPD/Contra- ASA (81mg x 2 chewed Oral)

• Obtain Baseline Vitals

• TRAMPD/Contra - Nitro (0.4mg SL Q3-5 to a max of 3 sprays then call EPOS)
LOAD after first nitro spray

IF pain persists or BP below 110
- administer entonox 5 mins after last nitro
- continue assess, vitals Q5
- Nitro protocol may be repeated after 30 mins of first dose

77
Q

What is simple SMR?

A

Hard collar
Head rolls

78
Q

What is Full SMR

A

clamshell, hard collar, head roll

79
Q

How do you do spinal restriction on a pediatric (under 16 yrs old)

A

NO modified SMR (simple)

For FULL SMR:

  • Multi Trauma
  • Acute neurological deficits
  • major mechanism with altered LOC

Major mechanisms:

  • Fall greater than 3 ft
  • high speed MVI/pedestrian
  • high energy blunt trauma
  • Axial loading injuries

also indicated in PT with
- midline neck pain
- Torticollis
- predisposing med condition

Many children do not fit or tolerate a hard collar, consider towel rolls or foam blocks around head and neck

80
Q

Name the body positons

A
81
Q

Stop CPR protocol

A

Stop at 20 mins if:

  • arrest was NOT witnessed by medics
  • no shocks were delivered
  • no return of spontaneous circulation, regardless of duration

If any yes -> 30 mins

Stop at 30 mins if;
- No shock was advised at all

If shock was advised -> 40 mins

Then at 40 mins:
- Call EPOS (confirm end orders)

Complete ROLLS
- heart sounds 90 secs
- lung sounds 90 secs
- palpate Corotid
- check stimulus
- pupils - fixed, dialated

82
Q

Completing ROLLS once patient is suspected diseased

A

Heart sounds (90 seconds)
Lung sounds (90 seconds)
Palpate corotid
Check stimulus
Pupils - fixed, dialated

83
Q

Chest Pain Diagnosis acronym

A

P.A.P.P.A

Paracarditis - pain better/worse leaning forward or back?

Acute coronary syndrome - chest pain, SOB, weakness, gastric pain

Pneumothorax - lung sounds, equal rise & fall

Pulmonary embolism - sudden SOB, pain worse with breathing,

Aneurysm - weakened arterial wall - thunderclap headache

84
Q

What is paracarditis

A

Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart. This tissue is called the pericardium. Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Pericarditis often is mild

85
Q

What does Rales/crackles/bubble through straw indicate (lung sounds)

A

Wet lungs/Fluid in lungs

Bilateral?: CHF (congestive heart failure)
- pink frothy sputum
-hypertension
- chest pain
- JVD (jugular vein distension)

To treat CHF - CPAP & Nitro

Unilateral? (Pneumonia)
- fever
- chills
- green/yellow sputum
- body aches
pneumonia can be bilateral - less common

To treat pneumonia - Oxygen, assess severity

86
Q

What does wheezing indicate?

A

Tight lungs, bronchial restriction

Asthma
- Nebulizer (albuterol)
- Epi IM for severe asthma
- magnesium drip (grams)

Anaphylaxis
- Epinephrine

COPD
- CPAP
- albuterol

87
Q

What does absent/diminished lung sounds indicate?

A

Bilateral:
- Severe constriction: Epi, Mag drip, Nebs

Unilateral:
- tension pneumothorax
Signs: JVD, trachea deviation, tachycardia, hypotension

Treat: oxygen, rapid transport

88
Q

Rhonchi lung sounds (continues low pitch - snoring/gurgling

A

“Junk in your lung”

-infection, green/yellow sputum
- do they need airway support?
- give o2 as needed
- chills/fever/body ache, infections

89
Q

Stridor lung sounds (upper airway sound)

A

Major medical emergency opening/closing of upper airway, tightening of upper airway

  • Trauma to upper airway
  • Croup (pediatric - age 4 common) more gradual, barking cough
  • epiglottitis: instant, drooling, any age, inflammation of epiglottis
  • Airway inhalation burn
  • FBO, partially occluded airway?
  • anaphylaxis; 2 or more body systems being affected by allergen
90
Q

Stroke acronym

A

Face - drooping on one side?

Arms - have them close eyes, raise both arms, one arm weakness

Speech - slurring? Can’t speak?

Time - when was the last time they were seen normal?

91
Q

Stroke signs?

A

FAST
high BP
dizziness + headache
Nausea+vomit
Confusion

92
Q

The sneaky stroke (cerebellar stroke)

A

-Fluttering eye motion
- severe headache
- vertigo (spinning)
- nausea vomitting
- walking problems/balance
- nystalgmis

93
Q

What are all of the spinal holds

A

Modified Right/left trap grip (for rolling) - arm always supports weight

trap grip (stabilization)

Sternal spinal (transition grip) used in 3/4 prone roll

Sternal grip - when person at head needs to transfer spinal hold grip, someone else will do a Sternal grip when pt in prone.

Head grip - stabilization

align to mid when laying supine
person at head calls roll

94
Q

Medical name for knee

A

Patella

Ambulance terms (1 decks)

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