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Medical Terminology > Medical Terminology Systems > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cell 3 main structures

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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2
Q

cytology

A

study of body at cellular level

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3
Q

nucleus

A

responsible for metabolism, growth and reproduction.

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4
Q

histology

A

the study of tissue

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Makes up outer layer of skin (epidermis). Covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides secreting portion of glands.

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6
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports and connects other body tissues

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7
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Responsible for movement by providing contractile tissue of body

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8
Q

Nervous tissue

A

transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the body

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9
Q

anatomical position

A

person stands erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms turned forward, with feet parallel to each other

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10
Q

coronal (frontal) plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

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11
Q

transverse (horizontal) plane

A

divides body into superior and inferior sections

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12
Q

midsagittal (median) plane

A

vertical plane divides body into left and right sections through middle of body

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13
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midsagittal plane of the body or one of its parts

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14
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midsagittal plane of the body

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15
Q

medial

A

pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

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16
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to a side

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17
Q

superior (cephalad)

A

toward the head or upper portion of a structure

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18
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head, or toward the tail or lower parts of a structure

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19
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

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20
Q

distal

A

further from the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

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21
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front of the body

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22
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

back of the body

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23
Q

parietal

A

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

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24
Q

visceral

A

pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

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25
Q

prone

A

lying on the abdomen, face down

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26
Q

supine

A

lying horizontally on the back, face up

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27
Q

inversion

A

turning inward or inside out

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28
Q

eversion

A

turning outward

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29
Q

palmar

A

pertaining to the palm of the hand

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30
Q

plantar

A

pertaining to the sole of the foot

31
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface of the body (external)

32
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

33
Q

dorsal cavity

A

located on the back of the body (posterior); is divided into cranial and spinal cavities

34
Q

ventral cavity

A

located on the front of the body (anterior); divided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

35
Q

cranial cavity (l. dorsal)

A

formed by the skull, contains the brains

36
Q

spinal cavity (l. dorsal)

A

formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord

37
Q

meninges

A

membranes that line the dorsal cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

thoracic cavity

A

contains the lungs and heart

39
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys

40
Q

pelvic cavity

A

(below abdominal cavity) contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs

41
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular wall that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

42
Q

RUQ major structures

A

right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

43
Q

LUQ major structures

A

left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

44
Q

RLQ major structures

A

part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter

45
Q

LLQ major structures

A

part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary,the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter

46
Q

abdominopelvic regions and locations

A

Right hypochondriac - upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
Epigastric - upper middle region
Left hypochondriac - upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
Right lumbar - middle right lateral region
Umbilical - region of the navel
Left lumbar - middle left lateral region
Right inguinal (iliac) - lower right lateral region
Hypogastric - lower middle region
Left inguinal (iliac) - lower left lateral region

47
Q

Spine (vertebral column or backbone)

A

composed of 26 vertebrae and connective tissue from the base of the skull to the pelvis

48
Q

Spine divisions

A
  • cervical (neck)
  • thoracic (chest)
  • lumbar (loin)
  • sacral (lower back)
  • coccyx (tailbone)
49
Q

largest organ in the body

A

Integument (skin)

50
Q

integumentary system

A

skin + accessory organs (hair, nails, and glands)

51
Q

2 distinct layers of skin

A
  • epidermis: stratum corneum, and basal layer
  • dermis
52
Q

epidermis

A

(s1) outer layer of skin, thickest over palms and soles, but relatively thin; composed of sublayers called strata

53
Q

stratum corneum

A

(s2) composed of dead, flat cells and becomes filled with keratin (waterproof protein material) that prevents body fluids from evaporation and moisture entering the body

54
Q

basal layer

A

(s3) contains melanocytes that produces melanin to provide protection from form ultraviolet radiation

55
Q

functions of skin

A

protects from injury and ultraviolet rays, provides sensory information, regulates body temperature, and prevents dehydration

56
Q

dermis (corium)

A

(s4) under epidermis; composed of living tissue + contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings

57
Q

subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

(s5) binds the dermis to underlying structures; composed of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels. It stores fat, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature

58
Q

glands located in dermis

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) gland; they’re exocrine glands (secretes through ducts outside the body instead of bloodstream)

59
Q

neoplasms

A

abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

60
Q

benign neoplasms

A

noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue they’re growing in (tumor)

61
Q

malignant neoplasms

A

composed of cells that become invasive and spread to remote regions of the body (cancer)

62
Q

TNM (tumor, node metastasis)

A

common staging tumors system
- T: size and invasiveness of primary tumor
- N: area lymph nodes involved
- M: invasiveness (metastasis) of primary tumor

63
Q

digestive system (gastrointestinal [GI] system)

A

consists of GI tract or alimentary canal + accessory organs (the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)

64
Q

digestive system primary functions

A

breaks down food (into nutrients), prepares food for absorption, and eliminate waste

65
Q
  1. Mouth (oral cavity)
A

(oral cavity- cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue, and palates); digestion begins in mouth. food is broken down mechanically (by teeth) and chemically (saliva-contains digestive enzymes);entire cavity is lined with mucous membranes)

66
Q
  1. Teeth, Tongue, Palates (digestive system)
A
  • Teeth mechanically break down food. (Mastication)
  • Tongue manipulates the food, moving it backwards to swallow (deglutition)
  • Hard palate (anterior portion of roof of mouth), soft palates (posterior portion)
67
Q
  1. Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
A

Tongue pushes bolus (food) into pharynx (throat), guided by uvula. Epiglottitis (small cartilage flap) forces food into esophagus.

68
Q

Pharynx

A

Funnel shaped; passageway to respiratory and GI tract; provides resonating chamber for speech sound. Lowest portion of pharynx divides into two tubes: trachea (leads to lungs) and esophagus (leads to stomach)

69
Q

Stomach

A

saclike structure in LUQ; food reservoir, continues mechanical + chemical digestion; extends from the esophagus to the duodenum (1st p. of small intestine)

70
Q

chyme

A
71
Q

fundus (digestive system)

A

functions as storage area

72
Q

pylorus

A
73
Q
A
74
Q
A

Medical Terminology (2 decks)

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