Medical Terminology CH 2 & 4 Flashcards
anabolic steroids
similar to androgens (male hormones) in their effects on the body. They build up protein within cells.
cardiac muscle
a specialized type of muscle found only in the heart. Contractions of this muscle type can be seen as a beating heart
viscera (singular: viscus)
Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
digestive
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
systems
groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.
Urinary or excretory
Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra.
endocrine
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands
respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs.
reproductive
Female : Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands
Male : Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves
Circulatory
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
musculoskeletal
Muscles, bones, and joints
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints.
Skin and sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
uterus
Womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops.
urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.
ureter
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.
cranial
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.
disc
Within the space and between vertebrae is a small pad composed of water and cartilage, is a shock absorber.
spinal column
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity.
spinal cord
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
thoracotomy meaning and why performed
a surgical procedure in which a cut is made between the ribs to see and reach the lungs or other organs in the chest or thorax. Typically, a thoracotomy is performed on the right or left side of the chest.
craniotomy meaning and why performed
An operation in which a small hole is made in the skull or a piece of bone from the skull is removed to show part of the brain.
discectomy meaning and why performed
a surgical procedure that addresses a damaged or herniated intervertebral disk within the spine.
mediastinoscopy meaning and why performed
involves making a small incision at the base of the neck to insert a mediastinoscope, which allows for direct visualization and biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes.
tracheotomy meaning and why performed
an opening surgically created through the neck into the trachea (windpipe) to allow air to fill the lungs. After creating the tracheostomy opening in the neck, surgeons insert a tube through it to provide an airway and to remove secretions from the lungs.
laryngectomy meaning and why performed
a surgical procedure to remove part or all of the larynx, the area of the throat that contains your vocal cords.
arthroscopy meaning and why performed
a procedure that uses a fiber-optic camera to diagnose and treat joint problems. A surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision
laparoscopy meaning and why performed
a type of surgery that lets a surgeon look inside your body without making a large incision (cut).
autoimmune disease
the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting joints; celiac disease, affecting the intestinal tract; and Graves disease, affecting the thyroid gland.
Ultrasonography
A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue
Echocardiogram
ultrasound image of the heart
Reye syndrome
characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver; may occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin
CRISPR
an acronym for new DNA editing tool that changes DNA sequences to turn off genes or to replace them with new versions
Congenital anomaly
An irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with Includes webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly), heart defects, and clubbed feet Some are hereditary; others are produced by factors present during pregnancy
Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)
A portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through (trans-) the urethra
Recombinant DNA technology
is the process of taking a gene (a region of
DNA) from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.
bilirubin
(a chemical pigment).
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
a blood disorder in a fetus or newborn infant. Normally, red blood cells in the blood are destroyed quickly and thus do not last as long.
jaundice
(yellow skin pigmentation). results from excessive destruction of RBCs. When RBCs break down, the hemoglobin within the cells produces bilirubin (a chemical pigment). High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia) causes it.
Symbiosis
occurs when two organisms live together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.
Marfan syndrome
an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, “spidery” fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and ophthalmic abnormalities
vaccine
receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes) to make antibodies. These antibodies remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered in the future.
immune response
The reaction between an antigen and an antibody is an immune response (immun/o means protection).
Antigen
a substance, usually foreign to the body, that stimulates the production of antibodies.
Antibodies
Protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.
Rh Condition
An antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).
benign prostatic hyperplasia
a condition in which the prostate gland grows larger than normal, but the growth is not caused by cancer.
chemotherapy
a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
dialysis,
a treatment for people whose kidneys are failing
myelosuppressive
A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments.
hematopoietic
blood cell production process.
Anemia
a problem of not having enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues.
chronic renal failure,
when the kidneys have become damaged over time and have a hard time doing all their important jobs.
erythrocytes
red blood cell’s main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body.
erythropoietin
a hormone that your kidneys naturally make to stimulate the production of red blood cells. High or low levels of erythropoietin can cause health problems.
Epoetin alfa
helps your body make more red blood cells. This medicine is used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy, or HIV-therapy.
recombinant DNA
involves using enzymes and various laboratory techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments of interest. This method can be used to combine (or splice) DNA from different species or to create genes with new functions. The resulting copies are often referred to as recombinant DNA.
Hematocrit
the percentage by volume of red cells in your blood. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, suspended in plasma. Together, those comprise about 45% of the volume of our blood
