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Paramedic Program > Medical Terminology > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Aden/o

A

gland

ex: adenoma

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2
Q

Lip/o

A

fat

ex: lipoma

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3
Q

My/o

A

muscle

ex: myoma

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4
Q

Lymph/o

A

lymph tissue

ex: lymphoma

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5
Q

Carcin/o

A

malignant

ex: carcinoma

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6
Q

Osteo/o

A

bone

ex: osteoma

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7
Q

malignant

A

cancerous

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8
Q

benign

A

not life -threatening

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9
Q

oma

A

a swelling

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10
Q

Leuk/o

A

white

ex: leukemia (overabundance of WBC)

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11
Q

melan/o

A

black

ex: melanoma (black tumor of the skin)

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12
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

ex: cyanosis (blueness may be due to cold or not enough O2 in the blood)

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13
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

ex: xanthoma (yellow tumor)

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14
Q

Endo

A

within, inside of

ex: endoscopy
to inspect the inside of an organ or space with a lighted instrument

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15
Q

Peri

A

around

ex: perianal (around the anus)

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16
Q

circum

A

around

ex: circumcise (cut around)

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17
Q

-cise

A

cut

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18
Q

Retro

A

behind

ex: retrosternal (behind the breastbone)

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19
Q

Epi

A

Upon, on top

ex: epidermis (the top or otermost layer of skin)

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20
Q

Trans

A

through

ex: transurethral (through the urinary exit duct)

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21
Q

Intra

A

within

ex: intravenous (inside the veins, e.g.IV fluids)

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22
Q

sub

A

below

ex: subclavian (below the clavicle collar bone)

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23
Q

Sign

A

something the provider observes and/or can measure

ex: taking a temperture

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24
Q

Symptom

A

something the patient tells you.

ex: I have a fever.

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25
Q

Cardi/o

A

heart

ex: endocarditis, myocarditis, pericardiitis (inflammation of the lining, muscle layer, outer layer of the heart)

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26
Q

Brady/Tachy

A

Slow/Fast

ex: Bradycardia (rate<60)
Tachycardia (rate >100)

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27
Q

Angi/o

A

vessel

ex: Angiography, angiogram (X-ray of artery)

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28
Q

Veno/Phlebo

A

Vein

ex: venogram (x-ray of veins)
phlebitis (inflammation of the veins)

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29
Q

-stasis

A

to stop

ex:hemostasis (to stop bleeding)
hemostat (a clamp-like instrument

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30
Q

-cyte

A

cell

ex: Erythrocytes, leukocytes (red and white blood cells)

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31
Q

Hem/o, -emia

A

blood

ex: hypoxemia (low oxygen)
hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tubes)

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32
Q

-ostomy

A

to make a mouth

ex: colostomy ( to make a permanent opening in colon

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33
Q

-otomy

A

to cut into

ex: tracheotomy (to cut into the windpipe, temporary opening)

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34
Q

a/an

A

without, none

ex: anemia (literally no blood but means red blood cells

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35
Q

therm

A

heat

ex: thermometer (measuring heat)
hypothermia (less heat)

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36
Q

micro

A

small

ex: microstomia (abnormally small mouth

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37
Q

macro

A

Large

ex: macrocolon (abnormally large mouth)

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38
Q

-itis

A

inflammation of

ex: conjunctivitis

pain, redness, heat and swelling

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39
Q

pathy

A

damage, disease

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40
Q

-megaly, mega

A

enlarged

ex: megacolon (abnormally large colon=large instestine)

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41
Q

osis

A

abnormal condition

cyanosis (blueness due to cold and low oxygen

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42
Q

-ectomy

A

to cut out (remove)

ex:appendectomy

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43
Q

-scopy/scopic

A

to look, observe

ex: colonscopy (look into colon)

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44
Q

-graphy/-graph

A

recording an image

ex: mammography (imaging the breast)

recorded with pen and moving paper

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45
Q

-gram

A

the image

ex: electrocardiogram

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46
Q

-ology/-ologist

A

study, specialize in

ex: cardiologist, nephrologist (study the heart, the kidneys)

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47
Q

Stomato

A

mouth

ex: stomatitis

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48
Q

Dento

A

teeth

ex: dentist

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49
Q

glosso/linguo

A

tongue

ex:glossitis, lingual nerve

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50
Q

gingivo

A

gums

ex: gingivitis

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51
Q

Encephalo

A

brain

ex: encephalitis

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52
Q

gastro

A

stomach

ex: gastritis

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53
Q

Entero

A

instestine

ex: gastroenteritis

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54
Q

Colo

A

large intestine

ex: colitis, megacolon

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55
Q

Procto

A

anus/ rectum

ex: proctitis, proctologist

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56
Q

Hepato

A

liver

ex: hepatitis, hepatomegaly

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57
Q

Nephro/rene

A

kidney

ex: nephrosis, renal artery

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58
Q

Orchido

A

testis

ex: orchiditis, orchidectomy

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59
Q

Oophoro

A

ovary

ex: oophorectomy

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60
Q

Hystero/metro

A

uterus

ex:hysterctomy, endometritis

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61
Q

Salpingo

A

uterine tubes

ex: hysterosalpingogram

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62
Q

Dermo

A

skin

ex: dermatits

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63
Q

Masto/mammo

A

breast

ex: mammography, mastectomy

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64
Q

Osteo

A

bones

ex: osteoporosis

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65
Q

Cysto

A

bladder

ex: cystitis

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66
Q

Rhino

A

nose

ex: rhinitis (runny nose)

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67
Q

Phlebo/veno

A

veins

ex: phlebitis, phlebotomy

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68
Q

Pneumo/pulmo

A

lung

ex: pneumonitis, pulmonolgist

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69
Q

Hemo/emia

A

blood

hematologist, anemia

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70
Q

biopsy

A

tissue sample

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71
Q

infarction

A

blockage of blood flow resulting in tissue death

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72
Q

artherosclerosis

A

hardening of the fatty stuff

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73
Q

prolapse

A

a falling forward

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74
Q

regurgitation

A

leakage and backward flow

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75
Q

stenosis

A

abnormally narrow

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76
Q

angina pectoris

A

pain in the chest

crushing vise-like

S+S:
shortness of breath, fatigue and nausea

Tx: Nitroglycerine–>increase blood flow to heart.

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77
Q

Arrhythmia/dysrhymia

A

No rhythm or abnormal

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78
Q

Ischemia

A

“not quite enough blood”

heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow.

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79
Q

Cardiologist

A

Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, especially the heart.

cardiovascular surgeon performs surgery.

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80
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

A printout recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

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81
Q

Echocardiography

A

using ultra high frequency sound waves (beyond human hearing) similar to “sonar” to form an image of the inside of the heart. this can detect valve damage, congenital (before birth) defects and other abnormailites.

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82
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

A long hollow tube, a catheter can be threaded into an artery in the heart. Dye is then realeased into the blood flow through the heart to identify a blockage using X-ray.

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83
Q

Phlepbotomist/venipuncturist

A

specially trained nurse or technician draws blood and may also start IV’s

cutting into a vein”

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84
Q

Cephal/o

A

head

ex: cephalgia ( a headache)

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85
Q

Algia

A

ache

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86
Q

Encephal/o

A

inside the head (brain)

ex: ecephalitis ( inflammation of the brain)
anencephalic ( born without a brain)

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87
Q

Mening/o

A

membranes surrounging the brain and spinal cord

ex: meningitis (inflammation of the membranes)

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88
Q

Myel/o

A

spinal cord

ex: myelogram (X-ray of the spinal cord)

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89
Q

Neur/o

A

nerve

ex: neuroma (tumor)
neuritis (inflammation)

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90
Q

Dys

A

difficult, painful, abnormal

ex: dyslexia (difficulty reading)

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91
Q

-cele

A

hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position

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92
Q

-pathy

A

disease, abnormality

ex: encephalopathy (disease of the brain)
neuropathy (disease of the nerves)

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93
Q

-plasia

A

development, formation, growth

ex: aplasia (no development)
hyperplasia (over development)

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94
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

ex: Hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body)
Quadriplegia (paralysis of all four limbs)

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95
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

“many hardenings”

a disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating of the insulating layer of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system. Loss of insulation allows “short circuiting” of nerve impluses. Depending upon where the degeneration occurs patient may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness

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96
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

AKA Stroke.

A blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding.

A clot may arise in the brain blood vessel (thrombus)

Or arise elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of O2

S+S: paralysis, loss of speech, or loss of vision.

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97
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Ischemic-“not quite enough blood”.

A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same S+S as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, a partial loss of vision, but only lasts for less than 24 hours.

people who get TIA’s are at greater risk for having a stroke in the future.

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98
Q

Epilepsy

A

Greek “seizure”, convulsions. Seizures may have many causes and not all are epilepsy. High fevers in children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled, and typically, have no permanent after effects.
Epilepsy is a specific conditon which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration, and recur with some frequency. The condition may be controlled with medication, or if unresponsive to drugs, may require surgery.

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99
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of speech. The speech centers are located on the left side of the brain in a majority of people. If someone suffers a stroke (CVA), or traumatic brain injury, and it involves the left side of the brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum of problems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and with difficulty, or complete loss of speech.
Two speech centers.

Motor speech area, the area of the brain that produces language by intergrating thoughts of speech with the movements of the larynx, lips, and tongue.

The receptive or sensory area- the receptive or sensory area- enables us to understand speech. The individual does not understand what they are hearing.

100
Q

Neurologist

A

A physician specializing in diseases of the brain, spinal cords and nerves.
Neurologists do not do surgery.

101
Q

Lumbar (spinal) puncture or tap (LP)

A

introducing a needle between the lower bony vertebrae of our spinal column allows a physican to sample the fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Lab tests on the fluid are used for diagnostic purposes such as presence of bacteria in meningitis, special proteins in multiple sclerosis, or blood cells

102
Q

Brain scan

A

introducing a radioactive element into the blood can image possible tumors in the brain. The radioactive dose is very low and detachable only with special, very sensitive instruments that are much more sophisticated than the old Geiger counters.

103
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a written recording of the brain’’s electrical activity.

EEGs are used to diagnose different types of seizure disorders such as epilepsy, brain tumors, and are used in sleep studies.

104
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

A specialized X-ray machine that takes multiple images of a body area from different angles and has a computer that integrates the multiple images into “slices” of the body. The resolution is so much better than standard X-rays and there is better differentiation of types of tissue (bone, air, solid organ)

105
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Although the image produces the “slices” through the body seen by CT, no X-rays are involved. The patient’s body is placed in a strong magnetic field. Radio pulse affect the resonance or “spin” of atoms in the tissues. A computer analyzes this information to show subtle differences in tissue molecular structure producing very high resolution and better differntiation of soft tissue, such as a tumor within the liver.

106
Q

Gastr/o

A

stomach

ex: gastitis, gastrectomy

107
Q

Hepat/o

A

liver

ex: hepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma ( tumor of )

108
Q

Chol/e

A

gall, bile

ex: cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)

109
Q

Cyst/o

A

bladder, sac

ex: cholecystectomy (removal of gallbladder)

110
Q

Emes/o vomit

A

emesis ( vomiting), emetic (stimulating vomiting) antiemetic ( stop vomiting)

111
Q

Lith/o

A

stone

ex: cholelithotomy (removal of gallstones)

112
Q

Lapar/o

A

abdominal wall

ex: laparotomy (cutting into the abdomen)

113
Q

-centesis

A

to puncture

ex: abdominocentesis (puncturing and draining)

114
Q

tripsy

A

to crush

ex: cholelitotripsy (smashing gallstones with sound waves)

115
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

ex: diarrhea

116
Q

-iasise (-osis)

A

abnormal condition

ex: cholelithiasis (presence of gallstones causing symptoms)

117
Q

Gastroesphageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Severe “heartburn”

weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to refulx ( regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining. This results in chest pain which can mimic that of angina ( pain of cardiac ischemia or an MI)

118
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow in French

yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes from a back up of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. May result from blockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown of red blood cells.
Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs is broken down and ends up in bile secretions.

119
Q

Diverticulosis/diverticulitis

A

small pouches may form along the walls of the large inestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is called diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.

120
Q

Cirrhosis

A

literally, orange-yellow
A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcholics, but can have other causes.
The name refers to a gross appearance of the organ.

121
Q

Portal hypertension

A

A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure in the veins between the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around the umblicus (navel). The characteristic radiating pattern of veins is called a “caput medusae (head of medusa).

122
Q

Esophageal varices

A

bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism. The thin-walled, swollen veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal bleeding.

123
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing. May be related to GERD, esophageal tumor or other causes.

124
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

A chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical symptons are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead to anemia. Special X-rays and tests are needed to differentiate Crohn’s from other diseases with similar symptoms.

125
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. Before antibiotics, people would die from peritonitis if an inflammed appendix burst. Indications of peritonitis are called “peritoneal signs”:
tender abdomen, rebound pain(pain when pressure is released) , board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles, no bowel sounds (gurgles). The peritoneal membrane is very sensitive to exposure to foreign substances.
Contact with blood, bile, urine, pus will cause peritoneal signs.

126
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

A physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines. They do not do surgery–> general surgeon.

127
Q

Proctologist

A

A physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus.
Proctology is a surgical subspecialty.

128
Q

Guaiac test (Hemoccult, Fecult)

A

a special chemical test to identify blood in the stool (feces). Blood in the stool may have many causes including cancer and hemorrhoids

129
Q

Upper GI Series

A

a series of X-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small intestines having the patient swallow barium. Barium is opaque (blocks X-rays). This procedure may be used to identify problems with swallowing, stomach ulcers, twisting of the small inestines.

130
Q

Lower GI series

A

a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large intestine and rectum. This procedure can be used to identify problems such as diverticulosis, and tumors.

131
Q

Endoscopy

A

use of flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach and large bowel. Special names may be used for each area explored such as colonoscopy.

132
Q

ultrasonography (ultrasound)

A

a procedure using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs. Primarily used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs, such as the pregnant uterus.

133
Q

-phagia

A

swallow

134
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder, typically in conjunction with removal of gallstones.

135
Q

Cholelithotripsy

A

nonsurgical removal of gallstones by smashing them with high-frequency sound waves

136
Q

Chloelithotomy

A

surgical removal of gallstones

137
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

the presence of stones in the gallbladder

138
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

139
Q

Cholelithotripsy

A

Unfortunately, this procedure is no longer done because of the complications (the “sludge” formed had no easy anatomical way out of the body causing pancreatitis). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy involving small abdominal incisions, fewer days in the hospital, the lower cost than “open” surgery is the procedure of choice today.

140
Q

Rhin/o

A

nose

ex: Rhinitis, rhinorrhea (inflammation of and “runny” nose)

141
Q

Laryng/o

A

larynx, “voice box”

ex: laryngotomy (cutting into)
laryngectomy (surgically removing the larynx)

142
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea, “windpipe”

ex:Tracheotomy (temporary opening)
Tracheostomy (permanent openings)

143
Q

Bronch/o

A

Lung air passageways

ex: Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)

144
Q

Pne/u, pnea

A

breath, air, lung

ex: Tachypnea (accelerated)
Dyspnea (difficult/painful)
Apnea (cessation of breathing)

145
Q

Pulmo/o

A

lung

ex: pulmonary artery

146
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting (coughing)

ex: Hemoptysis (spitting and coughing up blood from lungs)

147
Q

-plasty

A

reconstruction

rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)

148
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

literally, “an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs” vffxx
A genetic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause symptoms and disability such as “black lung” or “miner’s lung” disease. Terms specific to the particulate matter may be given such as asbestosis.

149
Q

Epistaxis

A

nosebleed

150
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but other systems producing muscous such as the digestive system. Patients suffer frequent lung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick and sluggish and result in increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. They also take multiple enzyme pills because of digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production.

151
Q

Emphysema (COPD)

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membranes for oxygen exchange. The bane of long term smokers.

152
Q

Atelectasis

A

a collapsed lung. Literally, “an imperfect expansion” in Greek

153
Q

Pulmonologist

A

A physician specializing in disease of the lungs.Pts needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.

154
Q

Respiratory Therapist

A

a specially trained technician who administers, among other Tx, inhalation therapy to patients with lung disease.

155
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

special X-rays of the vessels of the lungs.

156
Q

Laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the larynx.

157
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

passing a special air-tube into the trachea so oxygen can be reliably supplied directly to the lungs without risk of inhaling vomit from the stomach. Typically done for surgery or whenever general anesthesia is administered among other situations where the patient’s airway must be secured.

158
Q

Nephr/o, ren/o

A

kidney

ex: Nephritis
renal artery

159
Q

Hydro/o

A

water

ex: Hydronephrosis (abnormal condition involving back up of urine into the kidney)

160
Q

Cyst/o

A

Bladder

ex: cystitis (inflammation of)
cystectomy (removal of bladder)

161
Q

Pyel/o

A

renal collecting ducts

ex: Pyelogram (X-ray of the collecting ducts)

162
Q

Ur/o, uria

A

urine

ex: polyuria (frequent urination)
anuria (no urine formation)

163
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty, less than normal

ex: Oliguria (reduced urine formation)

164
Q

Pexy

A

to surgically reattach, fix in normal position

ex: Nephropexy (surgically attach kidney in normal anatomical position)

165
Q

Nephrosis

A

a noninflammatory disease of kidneys.

166
Q

Nephrolith

A

kidney stone

167
Q

Urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male

168
Q

Nocturia

A

frequently getting up and urinating during the night.

169
Q

Enuresis

A

involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting”

170
Q

Nephrologist

A

Kidney specialist

171
Q

Urologist

A

A physician specializing in the genitourinary tract, which includes kidneys, urinary bladder and uretha of both men and women and the prostate and testes in men.

172
Q

Cystoscopy

A

Looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument

173
Q

intravenous pyelogram

A

special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the kidneys. A dye opaque to X-rays is injected into a vein. After waiting a period for the blood and dye to pass through the kidneys, X-rays can be taken of the collecting system of the kidney, ureter and bladder.

174
Q

retrograde pyelogram

A

a dye opaque to X-rays is flushed backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the urethers to the kidneys.

175
Q

Voiding cystourethrogram

A

an imaging technique (X-ray) displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating!

176
Q

Dialysis

A

a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals with complete kidney failure or who have had kidneys removed by surgery. With the in-hospital procedure, the patient’s blood is circulated through a machine that removes waste products. The blood is recirculated back into the patient.

177
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Crushing kidney stones with sound waves. Unlike cholelithotripsy (crushing of gallstones), which is no longer done, the sludge from crushing the kidney stones has an easy direct pathway out of the body (down the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra). Nephrolithtripsy is an elective procedure that may spare a patient surgery.

178
Q

Orchid/o, test/o

A

testes (male gonads)

ex: Orchiditis, orchidectomy, testicular artery, testosterone (male sex hormone)

179
Q

Balan/o

A

Head of the penis

ex: balanitis

180
Q

Andr/o

A

Male

Androgenic (stimulating maleness)
androgynous (characterisics of male and female appearance)

181
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate

ex: prostatitis, prostatectomy

182
Q

Vas/o

A

Vessel, duct

ex: vas deferens (duct carrying semen from testes
Vasectomy (cutting the duct)

183
Q

-rrhaphy

A

to suture

ex: herniorrhaphy (surgical correction of inguinal hernia)

184
Q

Hypospadias

A

literally “below the fleshy spike.” A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip.

185
Q

hydrocele

A

a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And, who would most likely be doing the surgery? the urologist.

186
Q

Variocele

A

dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of the scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a “bag of worms.” May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular temperature.

187
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

188
Q

Benign prostatis hypertrophy (BPH)

A

swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and ureathra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia. The bane of old men! BPH becomes more common as men age.

189
Q

Transuretharal resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

the surgical cure for BPH. An instrument inserted through the penile uretha is used to partially cut away the prostate to relieve obstruction of the urinary tract.

190
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

A

PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell secretions which can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate cancer, although there may be other causes including false positive tests. How often should men get a PSA test?

191
Q

Hymen

A

membrane surrounding entrance of vagina

ex: hymen- greek god of marriage

192
Q

Aphrodisiac

A

A chemical purported to stimulate sexual desire

ex: aphrodite- greek goddess of love

193
Q

Venereal disease

A

A sexually transmitted infectious disease.

Venus-the Roman goddess of love

194
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual.

ex: hermaphroditus-the offspring of Hermes and Aphrodite who looked female but had male genitalia.

195
Q

Priapism

A

A continious, painful erection

ex: priapus-the Roman god of male potency.

196
Q

Satyriasis

A

A condition of compulsive sexual desire in men.

197
Q

Hyster/o, metr/

A

uterus

ex: hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
endometritis (inflammation of the lining of the uterus)

198
Q

Salping/o, -salpinx

A

uterine tube

ex: salpingitis (inflammation of the uterine tubes)
hematosalpinx (blood in the uterine tube)

199
Q

Colp/o

A

Vagina

ex: Colporrhaphy ( suturing a tear)
Colpoplasty (vaginal surgical reconstruction)
colposcopy ( viewing the interior)

200
Q

Oophor/o

A

Ovary

ex: oophorectomy ( removal of the ovary)
oophoropexy ( surgery fixation of the ovary)

201
Q

Men/o

A

menstruation

ex: menarche (first)
dysmenorrhea (painful menstration

202
Q

Mamm/o, mast/o

A

Breast

ex: mammogram (breast image)
mastectomy (breast removal)

203
Q

pareunia, coitus

A

intercourse

ex: dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
precoital, postcoital (before and after intercourse)

204
Q

Endometriosis

A

A condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with islands of endometrial tissue. Endometrium is the lining layer of the uterus which sloughs off with each menstration. If endometrial tissue flushes up the uterine tube and spills into the abdomen (peritoneal cavity), the clots of endometrial tissue can attach to abdominal organs such as the bladder, rectum, instestinal loops and then cycle along with the uterus in response to monthly changes in ovarian hormones. Bleeding into the abdomen irritates the lining membrane, the peritoneum, and causes abdominal pain.

205
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID)

A

although males have a closed abdominal cavity, the female abdominal cavity has a direct anatomical path from the outside world via the female reproductive tract. Bacteria can make their way up to the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity. Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum, causes abdominal pain. Although there are many potential causes of PID, gonorrheaal infection is onw of them.Chronic inflammation of the uterine tubes can occlude them resulting in infertility.

206
Q

Prolapsed uterus

A

the uterus is almost directly above the vagina. In fact, the cervix, the neck region, of the uterus extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold the uterus in proper position so that it does not prolaps or herniate into the vagina. Severe prolapse can result in the uterine cervix protruding from the vaginal opening. Surgical repair is typically required to restore the uterus to its proper anatomical positon.

207
Q

Obstetrician

A

literally “midwife” in latin. A phsyician specializing in the diagnosis and management of pregnancy and delivering babies.

208
Q

Gynecologist

A

a physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system and surgery of this area. Most physicians currently specialize in combined practice of OB/GYN

209
Q

Episotomy

A

A surgical procedure cutting into the perineal area, the area between the vagina and the anus in order to prevent tearing of tissues when the baby’s head traverses the vaginal opening.

210
Q

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

A

special X-ray of the uterus and uterine tubes involving passing opaque dye backwards up through the uterus to determine if the tubes are patent. Since the tubes are open into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, if patent, dye should spill out of the end of the tubes and be manifest on the X-ray.

211
Q

Colposcopy

A

using a magnifying instrument to inspect the interior of the vagina and cervix, the entrance to the uterus.

212
Q

Dilation and curettage (D &C)

A

dialting the cervix, the entrance into the uterus, and passing instruments that enable scraping off superficial layers of the endometrium. May be done as an early therapeutic abortion, or following a normal pregnancy to remove residual tissue remaning in the uterus, or may be done as a diagnostic procedure to examine lining tissue of the uterus.

213
Q

Mammoplasty

A

surgical reconstruction of the breast may involve breast enlargement or reduction or cosmetic reconstruction after mastectomy. What are the risk factors of developing breast cancer?

214
Q

Pudendal block

A

An anesthetic administered to block sensation around the lower vagina and perineum. This facilitates performing an episotomy allowing passage of the baby’s head while avoiding uncontrolled tearing of tissues. By the way, pudendal, an ancient name for external genitalia, menas “that which should be ashamed of” in Latin. Even Adam and Eve wore fig leaves.

215
Q

-gravida

A

pregnancy

ex: Nulligravida (never pregnant)
primigravida (first-time pregnant)
multigravida (many pregnancies)

216
Q

-para

A

live birth

ex: nullipara (no live births)
multipara (many live births)

217
Q

Part/o, toc/o

A

Labor/birth/delivery

ex: prepartum (before delivery)
postpartum (after delivery)
dystocia (difficult delivery)

218
Q

Abruptio placentae

A

(Latin, “breaking off”) Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta before full term. Occurs in only about 1% of preganancies. However, it has a 20-40% fetal mortality rate and is a significant contributor to maternal mortality.

219
Q

Placenta previa

A

(Latin, “leading the way”) A placenta implanted over the cervical region of the uterus blocking the entrance to the birth canal. Occurs in less than one percent of pregnancies, but can cause significant bleeding and require a complicated delivery.

220
Q

Eclampsia

A

(toxemia of pregnancy)- a serious and life threatening condtion that may develop during pregnancy involving hypertension, convolusions and coma. A less severe form, preeclampsia, may develop but can be managed if identified and treated early.

221
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

(Greek, “out of place”) A pregnancy implanted anywhere outside of the uterus. The uterine tube (fallipian tube) is the most common location, also called a “tubal pregnancy”. The abdominal cavity is the least common location. Occurs in about 2% of pregnancies. When it occurs, it is a surgical emergency, because the uterine tube cannot sustain tremendous expansion like the uterus. Eventually, the uterine tube will rupture with severe, possibly fatal, hemorrhaging.

222
Q

Oste/o

A

Bone

ex: Osteitis (bone inflammation)
Osteoma (bone swelling)
Osteocyte (bone cells)

223
Q

Chondr/o

A

cartilage

ex: chondritis (cartilage inflammtion)
chondtroma (cartilage swelling )
chondrocyte ( cartilage cell)

224
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

ex: arthritis (joint inflammation)
arthroplasty ( reconstruction of the joint)

225
Q

Myel/o

A

bone marrow

ex: myeloma (bone marrow swelling)

226
Q

Ten/o, tendin/o

A

tendon (binds muscle to bone)

ex: tendonitis (inflammation of the tendon)
tenorrhaphy (suturing of the tendon)

227
Q

Ligament/o

A

ligament (binds bone to bone)

ex: ligamentous injury

228
Q

Burs/o

A

bursa, “bag”, sac (shock absorber between tendons and bones)

ex: bursitis (inflammation of the bursa)

229
Q

My/o, myo/s

A

Muscle

ex: myoma (muscle swelling)
myositis (inflammation of the muscle)

230
Q

-malacia

A

softening

ex: osteomalacia (bone softening)
Chondromalacia (softening of the cartilage)

231
Q

-porosis

A

porous

ex: osteoporosis (porous bone condition)

232
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness, loss of strength

ex: myasthenia gravis (weakness, loss of strength in the muscle)

233
Q

-trophy

A

development, stimulation, maintenance

ex: atrophy (shriveling of muscles)
hypertrophy (increase in size and strength of muscles)

234
Q

-algia, algesia

A

pain

ex: myalgia ( muscle pain)
arthralgia (joint pain)
analgesia (take away pain)

235
Q

Arthritis

A

As we age, our joint tissues become less resilient to wear and tear and start to degenerate manifesting as swelling, pain, and oftentime, loss of mobility of joints. Changes occur in both joint soft tissues ans the opposing bones, a condition called osteoarthritis. A more serious form of disease is called rheumatoid arthritis. The latter is an autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against joint tissues causing chronic inflammation resulting in severe joint damage, pain and immobility.

236
Q

Osteoporosis

A

“Porous bone”” The bane of the old, especially, women. The hard, rock-like quality of bone is dependent upon calcium. When too much calcium is dissolved from bones or not enough replaced, bones lose density and are easily fractured. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, helps maintain proper calcium levels in bones. Once the ovaries stop producing the hormone, women are at higher risk of developing osteoporosis. A collapse of bony vertebrae of the spinal colum results in loss of height ans stooped posture. Hip Fx are a common occurence.

237
Q

Osteomalacia

A

“soft bones” If not enough calcium is deposited during early childhood developement, the bones do not become rock-hard, but rubbery. Both adequate calcium in the diet and vitamin D, primarily, from normal sunlight exposure or supplementation, are necessary for normal bone development. Before vitamin supplementation to milk, “rickets”, another name for osteomalacia in children, was common resulting in the classic bowed legs of the afflicted child.

238
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

People whose job involves repeated flexing of their wrist (typing, house painting) may development tingling and/ or pain in their thumb, index and middle fingers along the weakness of movements of the thumb, especially, grasping an object. The main nerve for finely controlled thumb movements passes through a bony/ligamentous canal on the bottom of the wrist. repetitive flexing movements may inflame and thicken the ligament over the “tunnel” through the carpal ( wrist) bones trapping and compressing the nerve.

239
Q

Tendonitis

A

Repeated strain on the tendon, attachment of a muscle to bone, can inflame the tendon resulting in pain and difficulty with movement involving the muscle. Tendons have a poor blood supply; therfore, they typically take a long time to heal on the order of six weeks or more

240
Q

Rotator cuff tear

A

muscles surrounding the shoulder joint are involved in rotating the shoulder with upper arm and hand forward and backward, among other movements. The tendons of the muscles also conribute to the structura strength of the shoulder joint. Hard, fast movements such as in tennis and basball can tear one of these tendons resulting in pain and decresed mobility of the shoulder.
sugery may be needed to repair a torn tendon.

241
Q

Bursitis

A

A bursa is a small, closed bag with minimum amount of lubricatory fluid that serves as a shock absorber where bones make close contact ans to minimize trauma and friction where tendons cross bones and joints. Inflammation leads to pain and immobility in a joint area.

242
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement progressively weaken. The prefix dys-, means abnormal. The root, -trophy, refers to maintaing normal nourishment, structure and function. The most common form in children is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy and affects only males. It usually appears between the ages of 2 to 6 and the afflicted live typically into late teens to early 20’s.

243
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

“muscular weakness, profound”. This autoimmune disease that involves production of antibodies that interfere with nerves stimulating muscle contractions. Face and neck muscles are the most obviously affected, manifesting as drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and general fatigue. There is no actual paralysis of muscles involved, but a rapid fatiguing of function.

244
Q

Lupus erythematosus

A

An autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against a variety of organs, especially connective tissues of skin and joints. Mild Lupus may invlovle a distinctive butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks. Mild lupus may also involve myalgia (muscle pain) and arthralgia (joint pain). Severe or systemic lupus (SLE)involves inflammation of multiple organ systems such as the heart, lungs, or kidneys.By the way, lupus means “wolf” in latin. Maybe a reference to the facial rash that might give a patient a wolf-like apperance.

245
Q

plasia

A

development

246
Q

Cancer Staging System: T, N, M

A

T-size of tumor
N- whether cancer has spread into lymph nodes
M- whether cancer cells have metastisized to other organs and areas

Paramedic Program (2 decks)

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