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HSC - Senior Science > Medical Technology - Bionics > Flashcards

Medical Technology - Bionics Flashcards

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0
Q

What are artificial joints used for?

A

Help replace joints such as those in fingers, knees and hips.

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1
Q

What is biocompatibility

A

The ability of a material to function within a human or organism without the material being damaged or causing damage.

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2
Q

What are pacemakers used for?

A

Help replace or assist natural pacemakers that control the beating of the heart.

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3
Q

What are prosthetic limbs used for?

A

Replacing hands, arms or legs.

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4
Q

What is are pins, screws and plates used for?

A

Repairing bone fractures

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5
Q

What are pins, screws and plates mainly made from?

A

Metallic alloys

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6
Q

What is a pin?

A

A versatile implant used for the fixation of bone fragments

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7
Q

When are pins used?

A

When the fracture is in a place where it is difficult to use a plate

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8
Q

Finish this syllabus dot point - identify parts of the body and the biomaterials and biomedical devices that can be used to replace damaged or diseased body parts including:

A
  • pin, screws and plates
  • pacemakers
  • artificial valves
  • prosthetic limbs
  • artificial joints
  • cochlear implants
  • crowns, dentures

Acronym: PSP-PAPA-CCD

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9
Q

Provide characteristics and features of the heart

A
  • One of the most important organs in the human body

- A pump, composed of muscle which circulates blood around the body

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10
Q

Provide characteristics and features of the valves

A
  • Present in the heart and in veins
  • Function: to allow blood to flow in one direction only
  • Structure: consist of flaps of tissue that prevent the opposite flow from occurring
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11
Q

Provide characteristics and features of the atria (singular atrium)

A
  • Function for the heart: receive blood from he veins before passing it on to the ventricles
  • Structure: has thin elastic walls
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12
Q

Provide characteristics and features of the ventricles

A
  • Receive blood from the atria
  • Function: Pump the blood either to the lungs for re-oxygenation (right ventricle) or to the body for distribution to cells (left ventricle)
  • Structure: Thicker walls and more muscular those of the atria
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13
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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14
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Veins carry blood back towards the heart.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the major arteries and veins?

A

The walls of the major arteries and veins are composed of four layers:

  • an inner layer of connective tissue
  • a thick layer of elastic fibres surrounding the connective tissue
  • a layer of smooth muscle
  • an outer layer of connective fibres
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16
Q

Why do veins have thinner layers of muscle and elastic fibre?

A

Because they don’t have to withstand the high pulsing pressures that arteries do

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17
Q

Provide characteristics and features of specialised tissue in the heart

A
  • heart has its’ own natural pacemaker
  • chambers of the heart will contract when an electrical impulse moves across them
  • sinus node sends electrical signals directly to theatric, stimulating them to the pump
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18
Q

What are the problems that can result from the interruptions to the normal rhythm of the heart?

A
  • Arrhythmia will occur which is an irregular heartbeat the causes the heart to pump less effectively
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19
Q

Arrhythmia includes:

A
  • a heartbeat that is too slow (bradycardia)
  • a heartbeat too fast (tachycardia)
  • irregular heartbeat I.e. Fibrillation
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20
Q

A heartbeat that is too slow can cause:

A
  • fatigue
  • fainting
  • light-headedness
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21
Q

A heartbeat that is too fast can cause:

A
  • palpitations
  • dizziness
  • light-headedness
  • sweating
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22
Q

Provide characteristics and features of fibrillation

A
  • Fibrillation in the ventricles is life-threatening and is resolved by using an electrical shock
  • Fibrillation in the atria may lead to blood clots as the blood is not pumped out in the atrium fully causing it to pool and clot.
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23
Q

What is pyrolytic carbon mainly used as?

A
  • a coating in the manufacture of artificial body parts
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24
Q

What are the reasons as to why pyrolytic carbon is used as a coating in the manufacture of artificial body parts?

A
  • it has excellent compatibility with living tissues and therefore is less likely to be rejected by the body
  • possesses greater elasticity than graphite which is commonly used as an alternative material
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25
Q

Provide characteristics and features of pyrolytic carbon

A
  • Its’ compressive strength is about four times the strength of graphite
  • It is not prone to lipid absorption or swelling in the body and therefore may be used as a coating in the ball or disc in artificial heart valves
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26
Q

What is Teflon referred to as?

A

Polytetrafluoroethylene

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27
Q

What is Teflon?

A

A polymer used in the manufacture of a wide array of artificial body parts, including:

  • blood vessels
  • hip sockets
  • soft tissue prostheses
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28
Q

Provide characteristics and features of Teflon

A
  • it is resilient
  • it had a high density
  • it has a low coefficient of friction
  • it is easy to fabricate
  • one of a few polymers that can be dry sterilised
29
Q

Provide characteristics and features of plaque

A
  • A healthy artery of vein has a pale, smooth and glistening wall
  • At sites of plaque, yellow fatty streaks are apparent under the endothelium
30
Q

What are the causes of plaque to form?

A
  • atheroma: a fat deposit that is built up from cholesterol that is take from the blood as low-density lipoproteins.
  • dense white tissue may also be laid down forming a raised area in the wall of the vessel
31
Q

What is the effect of plaque forming?

A
  • the smooth endothelial wall breaks down leaving the rough fibrous tissue exposed
  • the blood platelets (known for initiating clotting in blood) selectively adhere to the rough surface and a blood clot or thrombus subsequently forms
32
Q

What is the effect of blood clotting to the body?

A

raises blood pressure leading to:

  • aneurysms (a bulging and weakening of the vessel wall)
  • obstructions such as embolisms (a mobile blood clot)
  • thrombosis (a localised blood clot)
33
Q

What would most likely occur of atherosclerosis of the coronary artery is not treated properly?

A
  • a heart attack
34
Q

What are the methods of removing plaque to ease blood flow?

A
  • angioplasty
  • orally take thrombolytic (clot-dissolving) agents such as tissue plasminogen activator
  • arthretomy
35
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

Surgery done on arteries, veins or capillaries in which a balloon is inflated inside a blood vessel to flatten any plaque that obstructs it and causes it to become narrowed

36
Q

Describe the process of arthretomy

A
  • a catheter is placed in the aorta in the groin and then moved to the heart of the location of the plaque
    .the instrument then mechanically removes the plaque
37
Q

Why would silicone joins be suitable substitute for small joints?

A
  • can be made as strong and flexible as natural joints
  • last for a long time as they do not dissolve
  • biocompatible
    ➡ allow the flow of oxygen
    ➡️ do not react with living tissue
38
Q

What factors of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) add to the suitability for use in joints such as the artificial cartilage?

A
  • its’ low friction coefficient
  • high hardness
  • high tensile strength
  • high elasticity
39
Q

Provide characteristics and features of Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

A
  • possesses similar identity to living tissue (therefore tends to not cause problems in the body)
  • biocompatible with surrounding tissue
  • durable
  • exhibits high creep resistance
40
Q

What are the characteristics of the articulating ends of a natural joint?

A
  • provides ease of movement when lubricated with synovial fluid
  • it is covered by a cartilage which cushions bones in the joint
41
Q

What is an important factor that needs to be considered when constructing artificial joints?

A
  • replicating the ‘natural’ structure of the joint
42
Q

Why is polyethylene used to coat the articulating ends of artificial joints?

A
  • similar density to living tissue
  • relatively elastic, especially with high density polyethylene
  • low coefficient of friction
  • low creep properties will not deform under stress
43
Q

What is the result of the recent development of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)?

A
  • it exhibits superior characteristics under stress
44
Q

Outline three historical developments of cochlear implants?

A
  • 1950: auditory nerve stimulated
  • 1961: William House implemented first device
  • 1978: Graeme Clark first implemented multi-channel cochlear implant
45
Q

Outline three historical developments of the artificial valves

A
  • 1964: valves of the heart from the pig transplanted into humans
  • 1971: artificial tilt valves developed and implanted
  • 1978: mechanical vales that work like bileaflet implanted
46
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A long tube connecting the pharynx, mouth and nasal cavities to the bronchi

47
Q

How is the trachea supported?

A
  • Through the collapse by rings of cartilage which occur around the full length of the tube
  • The cartilage supports the trachea during inhaling, when the pressure in lungs is negative
48
Q

Provide characteristics and features of the bronchi

A
  • The bronchi connect the trachea to the lungs
  • There are two bronchi one going to each lung each have a similar structure to the trachea, with cartilage rings for support during times of negative pressure
49
Q

Describe the features of the alveoli

A
  • The walls of the alveoli are thin and moist. This allows gases to dissolve and move easily from inside the alveoli to the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli.
50
Q

What is the alveoli?

A
  • The gaseous exchange zone of the lung

- The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles which eventually terminate at the peak of the lung, the alveoli

51
Q

What is the purpose of the capillaries?

A

The capillaries are fine blood vessels that transport:

  • high-oxygen blood to the pulmonary vein (to be taken to the heart and pumped to the body)
  • low-oxygen blood from the pulmonary artery to the lungs for exhalation
52
Q

Describe the function of the capillaries around the alveoli

A
  • The intricate capillaries surround each alveolus, maximising the surface area
  • When the oxygen enters the alveolus it dissolves in the cells of the moist alveolar wall, moving through the wall into the capillary and then to the pulmonary vein
53
Q

What is CPR?

A
  • A combination of expired air resuscitation and external cardiac compression.
  • CPR stands for Cardio-pulmonary (heart-lung) resuscitation
54
Q

How is life maintained by CPR?

A
  • CPR effectively takes over breathing and the circulation in a person whose body has stopped carrying these functions.
  • CPR prevents brain damage by keeping vital organs supplied with oxygen.
55
Q

Identify the non-invasive diagnostic techniques that are utilised

A
  • ultrasound
  • x-rays
  • thermography
  • magnetic resonance imaging
56
Q

What does the term ‘minimally invasive’ refer to?

A

Techniques that are performed by making the smallest practical incision in the skin.

57
Q

What does the term ‘non-invasive surgery’ refer to?

A

The performing of a surgical technique without making an incision

E.g. The removal of gallstones using laser treatment is an example of a non-invasive technique currently in use.

58
Q

Provide characteristics and features of keyhole surgery

A
  • a recent developed form of minimally invasive surgery
  • a small incision is made in the skin and specially designed surgical tools are inserted through the incision to perform required tasks
  • a small camera is also inserted into the hole so that surgeon can see what to do
59
Q

List the advantages of using minimally invasive surgery techniques

A
  • smaller incisions
  • less post-operative pain
  • fewer complications from healing wounds
  • minimal scarring
  • quicker recovery time
  • shorter hospital stays and so they are considerably cheaper
60
Q

What is the purpose of x-rays?

A
  • to see inside the body without cutting it open
61
Q

What are x-Rays used for?

A
  • producing images of bones and joints

- detecting tuberculosis and breast cancer

62
Q

What is the importance of x-Rays in diagnostic medicine?

A
  • they reduce the need for invasive surgery
63
Q

What is thermography referred to as?

A

Digital infra-red thermal imaging (DITI)

64
Q

What is thermography?

A

It diagnostic technique which allows the examiner to map and quantify changes in skin and surface temperature

65
Q

What is the importance of the thermography technique?

A
  • used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of neuromusculoskeletal skin injuries and their prognosis for return to participation in sport
66
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

A technique in which high-pitched (ultra) sound waves are projected onto tissues under examination

67
Q

What is the ultrasound technique commonly used in?

A
  • obstetrics to determine the position and maturity of the developing foetus
  • treatment of hypothermia and in non-invasive surgery
68
Q

Describe the importance of the ultrasound technique in diagnostic medicine

A

This technique allows for greater resolution of internal organs and has been important in the early diagnosis of the presence of growths such as fibroids and polyps

69
Q

What is MRI?

A
  • Magnetic resonance imaging
  • A technique of scanning the body
    ➡️ it is a fact that living tissues give off their own special electromagnetic signals, depending on the water content
70
Q

Why is the MRI a commonly used technique in diagnostic medicine?

A
  • Because they ignore the bones (as they contain little water) and concentrates on the soft tissue.
    ➡️ it is the opposite of the x-Rays technique which concentrates on bones

HSC - Senior Science (4 decks)

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