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Grade 12 Medical Science > Medical technologies > Flashcards

Medical technologies Flashcards

1
Q

What are vital signs?

A

Physical signs that a human is alive

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2
Q

How do they asses for Vital signs?

A

They are observed, measured and monitored

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3
Q

What affects normal vital signs?

A

age, sex, weight, exercise, tolerance and overall physical condition

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4
Q

What is a general assessment?

A

looking over a patient in their entirety while they are seated or laying before checking vital signs

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5
Q

When do you check vital signs?

A

When the patient is seated and has been resting for about 5 minutes

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6
Q

What are patients assessed on?

A

anxiety levels, pain, emotional status, appearance and hygiene

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7
Q

Who feels normal with higher temperature?

A

Elderly with disabilities, babies and young children

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8
Q

Who feels more cold?

A

Cis females

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9
Q

What does a normal body temperature depend on?

A

sex, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and menstrual cycle

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10
Q

What is the average body temperature?

A

36.8 degrees Celsius

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11
Q

Which temperature is higher than the mouth?

A

Rectally

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12
Q

Which temperature is lower than the mouth?

A

Auxiliary (under the arm)

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13
Q

Which temperature reflects the bodies core temperature?

A

By ear

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14
Q

What is a fever?

A

When the temperature goes above 37 degrees Celsius

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15
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

when the temperature goes below 35 degrees Celsius

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16
Q

What is respiration rate?

A

The number of breaths taken in 1 minute

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17
Q

How long should breaths be counted?

A

For 30 seconds, discreetly

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18
Q

What increases respiration rate?

A

illness and fever

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19
Q

What is a normal respiration rate?

A

between 15-20

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20
Q

What is a normal pulse rate?

A

60-100 bpm

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21
Q

What affects pulse rate?

A

exercise, injury, illness and emotion

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22
Q

Who has a bpm of 40?

A

Pro athletes

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23
Q

Who has a higher pulse rate?

A

Females

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24
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction

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25
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Stroke volume is too low

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26
Q

Where is the temporal pulse?

A

Side of the head

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27
Q

Where is the carotid pulse?

A

side of the neck

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28
Q

Where is the apical pulse?

A

Bottom left chest

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29
Q

Where is the brachial pulse?

A

in the elbow

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30
Q

Where is the radial pulse?

A

In the wrist

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31
Q

Where is the femoral pulse?

A

In the thigh

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32
Q

Where is the popliteal pulse?

A

beside the knee

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33
Q

Where is the posterior tibial pulse?

A

in the ankle

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34
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse?

A

on the top of the foot

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35
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

a slow heartbeat

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36
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

a fast heartbeat

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37
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the pressure that blood puts on the veins and arteries as it flows through them

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38
Q

What is the maximum blood pressure called?

A

systolic

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39
Q

What is the minimum blood pressure called?

A

diastolic

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40
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

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41
Q

What is oxygen saturation?

A

the amount of oxygen dissolved or carried in the blood

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42
Q

What does oxygen saturation evaluate?

A

how well the lungs are providing oxygen to the blood during rest and exercise

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43
Q

What is a normal oxygen saturation?

A

95% or higher

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44
Q

What is the Wong baker face rating scale?

A

5 faces from happy to sad to rate how much pain a person is feeling

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45
Q

What is the numerical pain scale?

A

a scale from 1-10 to rate how much pain a person is feeling

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46
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A

To transport substances around the body (nutrients, gases, waste and hormones)

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47
Q

What are the 3 parts of the circulatory system?

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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48
Q

What is blood?

A

a liquid connective tissue that is part fluid and part cellular material

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49
Q

What is bloods pain function?

A

transportation, regulation and protection

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50
Q

What is bloods main components?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma

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51
Q

Where are red blood cells found?

A

In the red bone marrow

52
Q

How do red blood cells carry oxygen?

A

With the hemoglobin

53
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Body water and salt

54
Q

What is the main role of plasma?

A

transport proteins, nutrients and hormones around the body

55
Q

Where are white blood cells formed?

A

In the red bone marrow

56
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

defend the body against pathogens, they travel through the blood in the body and exit through blood vessels to fight infection

57
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs

A

granulocytes (with enzyme granules) and agranulocytes (no enzyme granules)

58
Q

Where are platelets formed?

A

In the red bone marrow

59
Q

What is platelets made of?

A

Fragment of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

60
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They are involved in blood clotting by forming a platelet plug where a blood vessel is damaged or severed

61
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

The process that stops bleeding and keeps blood inside the injured vessel

62
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

A blood vessel wall narrows near the damaged area to reduce blood flow to the opening

63
Q

What is a platelet plug?

A

When free flowing platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of the damaged blood vessel which release clotting actors that makes a temporary platelet plug

64
Q

What is a blood clot?

A

The formation of fibrin that forms a mesh net that traps RBCs and platelets to form a clot and the healing process begins

65
Q

What are the 4 blood types?

A

A, B, AB and O

66
Q

How many glycoproteins or antigens can blood have?

A

None, 1 or 2

67
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

A network of tubes that carry blood through the body in a circuit

68
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Veins, capillaries and arteries

69
Q

What are arteries?

A

larger blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, high in O2 and high in pressure, thick muscular walls

70
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Microscopic blood vessels that connect veins and arteries, high O2 at one end and low on the other, 1-cell wall thick to allow the exchange of materials

71
Q

What are veins?

A

Larger blood vessels that carry blood to the heart, low in O2 and have low pressure, thinner walls with no muscle

72
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

they exchange nutrients and waste products between the body and body cells with the singe layer walls that allow rapid diffusion

73
Q

What is the heart?

A

A hallow muscular pump that propels blood through the circulatory system

74
Q

What are the 2 pumping chambers of the heart?

A

ventricles

75
Q

What are the 2 receiving chambers of the heart?

A

atrias

76
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

carries O2 depleted blood from the heart to the lungs, receives O2 from the air and released CO2 and returns back to the heart

77
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

carries O2 rich blood from the heart to the body, blood releases O2 to the body cells and receives CO2, O2 depleted blood returns to the heart

78
Q

What is the AV valve?

A

flaps that separate the ventricles and atria to prevent a back flow of blood

79
Q

What is the semi-lunar valve?

A

Separates the ventricles from the arteries that carries blood from the heart

80
Q

What is the blood pathway of the heart?

A

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body’s tissues through the aorta.

81
Q

What is the pacemaker?

A

a group of specialize cells in the wall of the right atrium that controls heart rate

82
Q

What is the diastole period?

A

The period where the atria and ventricles are relaxed ad the heart fills with blood

83
Q

What is the systole period?

A

The period where the atria first contracts to send blood to the ventricles which then contracts to pump blood to the arteries

84
Q

What is hypertension?

A

When blood pressure raises to 140/90 or higher

85
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

When the arteries narrow due to plaque buildup

86
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

The blockage of the coronary artery that supply blood to the heart

87
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Th blockage of the artery that supplies blood to the brain

88
Q

What is the hearts electrical conduction system?

A

The SA node generates an electrical pulse that causes the atria to contract. The AV node receives the signal ad controls it, allowing the ventricle to fill with blood and then passes it to the bundle of His. It then carries the signal to the bundle branches where the then splits where half goes to the right bundle branches and half goes to the let bunch branches where it passes the impulse to the left and right ventricle respective. In the right ventricle, the signal is sent to the purkinje fibers where the electrical conduction hits the ventricular muscles and causes them to contract which allows blood to be pumped into the systemic and pulmonary circuits

89
Q

What does the P wave indicate?

A

Atrial depolarization

90
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate?

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

91
Q

What does the T wave indicate?

A

ventricular repolarization

92
Q

What is the J point?

A

the end of depolarization and the start or repolarization

93
Q

What does the U wave represent?

A

Low potassium

94
Q

What is the nose?

A

Pathway for air to move in and out of the respiratory system

95
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Connects the pharynx and trachea, passageway that contains vocal cords to produce the voice

96
Q

What is the lungs?

A

Passageway of blood vessels and alveoli to supply oxygen to the body and release CO2

97
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Region at the back of the nose and mouth, common passageway for air and food (the throat)

98
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A rigid tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchial tree (windpipe)

99
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

A network of branching tubes that conduct air into the lungs (bronchi and bronchioles)

100
Q

What is gas exchange

A

O2 from the air enters the blood to be transported to body cells, CO2 leaves the body to be expelled by the lungs

101
Q

What is the regulation of pH levels?

A

The respiratory system maintaining a constant acid-base balance by continually adjusting the CO2 levels in the blood

102
Q

What is Protection of the respiratory system?

A

Protects the body against foreign invaders by filtering out airborne pollutants and some microorganisms

103
Q

How does air always flow

A

from a region of high pressure and density to a region of low pressure and density

104
Q

What is it called to breath in?

A

Inspiration

105
Q

What is it called to breath out?

A

Expiration

106
Q

What are external intercostal muscles?

A

Required for breathing, muscles found between the ribs, increases and decrease the volume of the thorax with the diaphragm

107
Q

How does inspiration work?

A

The external intercostals contract which pulls the ribcage up and out while the diaphragm contracts and moves down which increases the volume of the thorax which reduces air pressure in the lungs, air rushes in and fills the alveoli

108
Q

How does expiration work?

A

The external intercostals relax which lowers the ribcage down and in while he diaphragm relaxes and moves up, act to decrease the volume of the thorax which increases air pressure in the lungs, air flows out of the alveoli

109
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

the alveoli

110
Q

What is the gas exchange process in the alveoli

A

O2 in the alveolar air sac diffuses into the bloodstream across the respiratory membrane due to the blood being low in O2 and the sac being in in O2, CO2 from the bloodstream diffuses into the sac, the blood is high in CO2 and the sac is low in CO2

111
Q

What is the gas exchange process in body cells?

A

O2 in the blood diffuses from the blood into the body cells across the thin capillary membrane due to the blood being high in O2 ans the body cels being low in O2, CO2 in the body cells diffuses from the cells into the bloodstream due to the cells being high in CO2 and the blood being low in CO2

112
Q

What is spirometry?

A

The process of measuring the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by the lungs

113
Q

What is respiratory volumes?

A

measurements of the amount of air moved during breathing

114
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each normal breath

115
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond the tidal volume

116
Q

What is the expiatory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond the tidal volume

117
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

118
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

the volume of air let in the lungs at the end of a normal exhale

119
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

the max volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume

120
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

the maximum volume of air exhaled after the deepest breath possible

121
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

the total volume of air that the lungs can hold

122
Q

What is asthma?

A

A condition where the airways become inflamed, making it hard to breath

123
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes which carry air to and from the lungs

124
Q

What is COPD?

A

A disease characterized by airway blockage and breathing-related problems

125
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

Cancer that occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs

126
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

infection that inflames alveoli in one or both lungs which may fill with fluid

Grade 12 Medical Science (3 decks)

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