Medical technologies Flashcards
What are vital signs?
Physical signs that a human is alive
How do they asses for Vital signs?
They are observed, measured and monitored
What affects normal vital signs?
age, sex, weight, exercise, tolerance and overall physical condition
What is a general assessment?
looking over a patient in their entirety while they are seated or laying before checking vital signs
When do you check vital signs?
When the patient is seated and has been resting for about 5 minutes
What are patients assessed on?
anxiety levels, pain, emotional status, appearance and hygiene
Who feels normal with higher temperature?
Elderly with disabilities, babies and young children
Who feels more cold?
Cis females
What does a normal body temperature depend on?
sex, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and menstrual cycle
What is the average body temperature?
36.8 degrees Celsius
Which temperature is higher than the mouth?
Rectally
Which temperature is lower than the mouth?
Auxiliary (under the arm)
Which temperature reflects the bodies core temperature?
By ear
What is a fever?
When the temperature goes above 37 degrees Celsius
What is hypothermia?
when the temperature goes below 35 degrees Celsius
What is respiration rate?
The number of breaths taken in 1 minute
How long should breaths be counted?
For 30 seconds, discreetly
What increases respiration rate?
illness and fever
What is a normal respiration rate?
between 15-20
What is a normal pulse rate?
60-100 bpm
What affects pulse rate?
exercise, injury, illness and emotion
Who has a bpm of 40?
Pro athletes
Who has a higher pulse rate?
Females
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction
What is hypovolemia?
Stroke volume is too low
Where is the temporal pulse?
Side of the head
Where is the carotid pulse?
side of the neck
Where is the apical pulse?
Bottom left chest
Where is the brachial pulse?
in the elbow
Where is the radial pulse?
In the wrist
Where is the femoral pulse?
In the thigh
Where is the popliteal pulse?
beside the knee
Where is the posterior tibial pulse?
in the ankle
Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse?
on the top of the foot
What is bradycardia?
a slow heartbeat
What is tachycardia?
a fast heartbeat
What is blood pressure?
the pressure that blood puts on the veins and arteries as it flows through them
What is the maximum blood pressure called?
systolic
What is the minimum blood pressure called?
diastolic
What is a normal blood pressure?
120/80
What is oxygen saturation?
the amount of oxygen dissolved or carried in the blood
What does oxygen saturation evaluate?
how well the lungs are providing oxygen to the blood during rest and exercise
What is a normal oxygen saturation?
95% or higher
What is the Wong baker face rating scale?
5 faces from happy to sad to rate how much pain a person is feeling
What is the numerical pain scale?
a scale from 1-10 to rate how much pain a person is feeling
What is the role of the circulatory system?
To transport substances around the body (nutrients, gases, waste and hormones)
What are the 3 parts of the circulatory system?
The heart, blood and blood vessels
What is blood?
a liquid connective tissue that is part fluid and part cellular material
What is bloods pain function?
transportation, regulation and protection
What is bloods main components?
RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma
Where are red blood cells found?
In the red bone marrow
How do red blood cells carry oxygen?
With the hemoglobin
What is plasma made of?
Body water and salt
What is the main role of plasma?
transport proteins, nutrients and hormones around the body
Where are white blood cells formed?
In the red bone marrow
What do white blood cells do?
defend the body against pathogens, they travel through the blood in the body and exit through blood vessels to fight infection
What are the 2 types of WBCs
granulocytes (with enzyme granules) and agranulocytes (no enzyme granules)
Where are platelets formed?
In the red bone marrow
What is platelets made of?
Fragment of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
What do platelets do?
They are involved in blood clotting by forming a platelet plug where a blood vessel is damaged or severed
What is Hemostasis?
The process that stops bleeding and keeps blood inside the injured vessel
What is vasoconstriction?
A blood vessel wall narrows near the damaged area to reduce blood flow to the opening
What is a platelet plug?
When free flowing platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of the damaged blood vessel which release clotting actors that makes a temporary platelet plug
What is a blood clot?
The formation of fibrin that forms a mesh net that traps RBCs and platelets to form a clot and the healing process begins
What are the 4 blood types?
A, B, AB and O
How many glycoproteins or antigens can blood have?
None, 1 or 2
What are blood vessels?
A network of tubes that carry blood through the body in a circuit
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Veins, capillaries and arteries
What are arteries?
larger blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, high in O2 and high in pressure, thick muscular walls
What are capillaries?
Microscopic blood vessels that connect veins and arteries, high O2 at one end and low on the other, 1-cell wall thick to allow the exchange of materials
What are veins?
Larger blood vessels that carry blood to the heart, low in O2 and have low pressure, thinner walls with no muscle
What do capillaries do?
they exchange nutrients and waste products between the body and body cells with the singe layer walls that allow rapid diffusion
What is the heart?
A hallow muscular pump that propels blood through the circulatory system
What are the 2 pumping chambers of the heart?
ventricles
What are the 2 receiving chambers of the heart?
atrias
What is the pulmonary circuit?
carries O2 depleted blood from the heart to the lungs, receives O2 from the air and released CO2 and returns back to the heart
What is the systemic circuit?
carries O2 rich blood from the heart to the body, blood releases O2 to the body cells and receives CO2, O2 depleted blood returns to the heart
What is the AV valve?
flaps that separate the ventricles and atria to prevent a back flow of blood
What is the semi-lunar valve?
Separates the ventricles from the arteries that carries blood from the heart
What is the blood pathway of the heart?
Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body’s tissues through the aorta.
What is the pacemaker?
a group of specialize cells in the wall of the right atrium that controls heart rate
What is the diastole period?
The period where the atria and ventricles are relaxed ad the heart fills with blood
What is the systole period?
The period where the atria first contracts to send blood to the ventricles which then contracts to pump blood to the arteries
What is hypertension?
When blood pressure raises to 140/90 or higher
What is Atherosclerosis?
When the arteries narrow due to plaque buildup
What is a heart attack?
The blockage of the coronary artery that supply blood to the heart
What is a stroke?
Th blockage of the artery that supplies blood to the brain
What is the hearts electrical conduction system?
The SA node generates an electrical pulse that causes the atria to contract. The AV node receives the signal ad controls it, allowing the ventricle to fill with blood and then passes it to the bundle of His. It then carries the signal to the bundle branches where the then splits where half goes to the right bundle branches and half goes to the let bunch branches where it passes the impulse to the left and right ventricle respective. In the right ventricle, the signal is sent to the purkinje fibers where the electrical conduction hits the ventricular muscles and causes them to contract which allows blood to be pumped into the systemic and pulmonary circuits
What does the P wave indicate?
Atrial depolarization
What does the QRS complex indicate?
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
What does the T wave indicate?
ventricular repolarization
What is the J point?
the end of depolarization and the start or repolarization
What does the U wave represent?
Low potassium
What is the nose?
Pathway for air to move in and out of the respiratory system
What is the larynx?
Connects the pharynx and trachea, passageway that contains vocal cords to produce the voice
What is the lungs?
Passageway of blood vessels and alveoli to supply oxygen to the body and release CO2
What is the pharynx?
Region at the back of the nose and mouth, common passageway for air and food (the throat)
What is the trachea?
A rigid tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchial tree (windpipe)
What is the bronchial tree?
A network of branching tubes that conduct air into the lungs (bronchi and bronchioles)
What is gas exchange
O2 from the air enters the blood to be transported to body cells, CO2 leaves the body to be expelled by the lungs
What is the regulation of pH levels?
The respiratory system maintaining a constant acid-base balance by continually adjusting the CO2 levels in the blood
What is Protection of the respiratory system?
Protects the body against foreign invaders by filtering out airborne pollutants and some microorganisms
How does air always flow
from a region of high pressure and density to a region of low pressure and density
What is it called to breath in?
Inspiration
What is it called to breath out?
Expiration
What are external intercostal muscles?
Required for breathing, muscles found between the ribs, increases and decrease the volume of the thorax with the diaphragm
How does inspiration work?
The external intercostals contract which pulls the ribcage up and out while the diaphragm contracts and moves down which increases the volume of the thorax which reduces air pressure in the lungs, air rushes in and fills the alveoli
How does expiration work?
The external intercostals relax which lowers the ribcage down and in while he diaphragm relaxes and moves up, act to decrease the volume of the thorax which increases air pressure in the lungs, air flows out of the alveoli
Where does gas exchange take place?
the alveoli
What is the gas exchange process in the alveoli
O2 in the alveolar air sac diffuses into the bloodstream across the respiratory membrane due to the blood being low in O2 and the sac being in in O2, CO2 from the bloodstream diffuses into the sac, the blood is high in CO2 and the sac is low in CO2
What is the gas exchange process in body cells?
O2 in the blood diffuses from the blood into the body cells across the thin capillary membrane due to the blood being high in O2 ans the body cels being low in O2, CO2 in the body cells diffuses from the cells into the bloodstream due to the cells being high in CO2 and the blood being low in CO2
What is spirometry?
The process of measuring the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by the lungs
What is respiratory volumes?
measurements of the amount of air moved during breathing
What is the tidal volume?
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each normal breath
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled beyond the tidal volume
What is the expiatory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled beyond the tidal volume
What is the residual volume?
the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
What is the functional residual capacity?
the volume of air let in the lungs at the end of a normal exhale
What is inspiratory capacity?
the max volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume
What is vital capacity?
the maximum volume of air exhaled after the deepest breath possible
What is total lung capacity?
the total volume of air that the lungs can hold
What is asthma?
A condition where the airways become inflamed, making it hard to breath
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes which carry air to and from the lungs
What is COPD?
A disease characterized by airway blockage and breathing-related problems
What is lung cancer?
Cancer that occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs
What is Pneumonia?
infection that inflames alveoli in one or both lungs which may fill with fluid
