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Medical Science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a disease?

A

A disease is a disorder that affects physical or mental

traits negativly.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of diseases?

A

Infectious and Non-Infectious.

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3
Q

Give examples of 6 pathogens that cause disease and what disease they cause.

A

Bacteria: Scarlet Fever

Virus: AIDS

Protozoans: Malaria

Fungi: Ringworm

Macroparasites: Head Lice

Prions: Insomnia

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4
Q

What are the 7 types of non-infectious disease?

A
  • Nutrition
  • Ageing
  • Cancer
  • Inherited
  • Mental
  • Chemical deficiencies
  • Environmental
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5
Q

What is health?

A

Health is when you are in a total, mental and phyisical state of well-being.

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6
Q

What are some factors that contribute to a healthy lifestyle?

A
  • Exercise
  • Healthy eating
  • Having good hygiene
  • Not smoking/drinking/doing drugs
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7
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Australia?

A

Heart disease.

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8
Q

What is the Mediterranean diet?

A

A diet that consists of eating fresh vegetables, olive oil and fish like the traditional diet of people in the Mediterranean countries such as: Greece, Italy, Spain and Morocco.

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9
Q

What are some health benefits of the Mediterranean

diet?

A

It can help you live longer and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease and cancer.

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10
Q

Evaluate the access to health facilities for indigenous Australians and remote communities.

A

In remote communities, there are often long distances to travel to hospitals which are often understaffed and not supplied with the latest equipment. This is because a lot of Doctors would rather work in city environments where there are more patients. People in remote communities also may have to make expensive city trips to visit specialists.

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11
Q

How many lines of defense are there in the body?

A

3

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12
Q

Describe the first second and third lines of defense in the body.

A

The first line of defense is composed of physical barriers e.g skin to keep pathogens/diseases out. The second line of defense is composed of non-specific chemial barriers which attack pathogens if they get passed the first line of defense. The third line of defense is specific and involves targeting specific diseases and not using the same approach for everything as the first and second lines do.

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13
Q

What is the difference between a specific and non-specific line of defense?

A

A specific line of defense attacks individual pathogens in different ways. A non-specific line of defense attacks all pathogens in the same way.

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14
Q

What are 5 examples of physical barriers in the body?

A
  • Skin
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Cilia
  • Nasal Hairs
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15
Q

What are 4 examples of chemical barriers in the body?

A
  • Salavia
  • Tears
  • Stomach acid
  • Vaginal mucus
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16
Q

How do phagocytes attack pathogens?

A

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17
Q

Why does the body create fevers?

A

Fevers are created to increase the bodies temperature to kill off pathogens/bad bacteria.

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18
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign substance which triggers an immune repsonse in the body.

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19
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell that divides into T and B lymphocytes and is part of the third line of defense.

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20
Q

Whats is an anitbody?

A

A protein produced as part of an immune repsonse against a specific pathogen.

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21
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

A cell that produces antibodies and is created when B lymphocytes divide.

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22
Q

What is a B lymphocyte?

A

One of two main types of lymphocytes. It is formed in the bone marrow and it divides to make plasma cells.

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23
Q

What is a T lymphocyte?

A

A T lymphocyte is one of two main types of lymphocyte. They are formed in the Thymus gland.

There are a few types of T lymphocytes:

  • Cytotoxic T-cells (Also known as the Natural Killer cell which destorys anitgens)
  • Helper T-cells (Regulates T and B cell functions)
  • Inducer + supressor T-cells (regulate T and B cells production)
  • Memory T-cells (recognises antigens if they re-appear and stimulates the production of anit-bodies)

T lymphocytes aren’t directly involved in the production of anti-bodies but help B lymphocytes to do that.

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24
Q

What is a memory cell?

A

A memory cell is a type of cell that recognises antigens and stimulates the production of specific antibodies.

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25
Q

What is a vaccination and how do they work?

A

A vaccination is the insertion of weak strands of diseases into the body. This makes the immune system respond and memory cells are created making your body practically immune to the disease if you ever encounter the real thing.

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26
Q

What is an attenuated virus?

A

A virus that is made non-harmful to the body so it can be used in vacciens.

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27
Q

Describe what happens in an immune response.

A

If a pathogen gets passed the first layer of defense and into the body, several things happen. Firstly, cells called macrophages attack the bacteria, once they have killed some bacteria communicate with Helper T-Cells. The Helper T-Cells then transmit the data to Cytotoxic T-Cells which are trained killers for that specific type of antigen. The Helper T cells also engage B-Cell function, B Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B cells. Plasma cells produce Antibodies which are highly specific to the antigen, the antibodies bind to the pathogen and mark it which makes it easier for macrophages to kill them. Memory B and T cells take notes through this process and if the disease comes back they trigger the production of the antibody. Once the disease has been wiped out, all the cells commit suicide to save resources apart from some of the memory cells.

28
Q

Who was Frank Burnett?

A

He was a scientist who, after controversy over 12 children dying as a result of vaccines discovered that it was the contamination of the vaccines rather then the vaccines themselves which caused the deaths. This restored public faith in vaccines, saved countless lives and got old Frankie knighted.

29
Q

Who was Peter Doherty?

A

He was a scientist who won the nobel prize for discovering and explaining the way the immune system identifies virus infected cells.

30
Q

Who was Louis Pastuer?

A

He was a scientist who discovered that some colonies were weaker then others. He infected chickens with the weak strands and they were then immune to the full strength strands. He used this information to develop a cure for Rabies. (pasteurized milk is named after him)

31
Q

Why is immunisation important for communities?

What is herd immunity?

A

Immunisation is important for communities because it improves the health of the community by making the members immune to diseases. Herd immunity describes the effect of the majority of people being immune to a disease in a community which allows diseases to die of quickly because they cannot spread from person to person. If their are less immune people in a community then the disease can still stay alive and it can mutate and in some cases counteract vaccines. Herd immunity can sometimes only be effective when 90% of a community is immune but can be un-effective if only 80% of the community is immune.

32
Q

What are some points against compulsory vaccination?

A
  • More resources are required to produce that many vaccines
  • Some religions don’t allow vaccines
  • Some people are allergic to some vaccines
  • Vaccines can contain harmful ingrediants
33
Q

What are some points for compulsory vaccination?

A
  • Diseases die out faster and spread slower
  • Herd immunity takes effect
  • Protects future generations
  • Resources are saved in hospitals
  • The harmful ingrediants are used in moderation
  • Vaccines erradicated small pox
34
Q

What is the difference between an Epidemic and a Pandemic?

A

An Epidemic is the spread of a disease that is contained to a particular community where as a Pandemic is a disease that spreads throughout the whole world or country.

35
Q

How do AIDS attack the body?

A

HIV/AIDS attack Helper T-Cells which stop the production of Anit-Bodies and make it very hard for your immune system to fight pathogens allowing you to die from diseases like the common cold.

36
Q

Where is HIV/AIDS most prevarlant in the world?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

37
Q

What are some symptoms of AIDS?

A
  • Rapid weight loss
  • Re-occuring fever
  • Extreme tiredness
  • Prolonged sweating
  • Diarreha
38
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Through the exchange of bodily fluids. E.g through sex or sharing needles with an effected person.

39
Q

What do testes do?

A

Produce sperm cells.

40
Q

What is sperm?

A

A liquid ejaculated from the penis which contains fertilising cells which mix with eggs in a woman to create a baby.

41
Q

What is a penis?

A

An organ which swells during sexual arousal, semen is also released from here into the vagina.

42
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

To produce ova. One egg is released a month from here which can be fertalised to create a baby.

43
Q

What is ovum?

A

A reproductive cell in the female that, after fertalisation divides into an embryo.

44
Q

What is vas deferens?

A

The tube that carries sperm from the testes to the penis.

45
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

To secrete some of the liquid used to from sperm, this liquid plays an important role in keeping the sperm cells alive once inside the vagina.

46
Q

What is the seminal vesical?

A

The seminal vesical produces liquid which is used in sperm. This liquid acts as a sugar source for the sperm cells once inside the vagina.

47
Q

What is the function of the Cowpers gland?

A

It secretes pre-ejaculate which acts as a lube for the penis.

48
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

The process of the penis shooting out sperm.

49
Q

What is the Cervix?

A

The Cervix is located in the lower part of the uterus and needs to loosen to allow the baby to exit the body.

50
Q

What is meant by acidic/basic?

A

Acidic means there is a high concentration of acid. Basic means that there is a low concentration of acid.

51
Q

What is the falopian tube?

A

The tube that the ova must travel through to reach the uterus. Fertalisation occurs in the fallopian tubes 90% of the time.

52
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Basically, a fertalised egg in it’s early stages.

53
Q

What is a vagina?

A

The part of the female body through which sperm enters and babies leave.

54
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The part of the female body where a baby grows and develops.

55
Q

What is morula?

A

An early stage of an embryo consisting of cells in a solid ball.

56
Q

What is the function of a placenta?

A

The placenta gives nutrients to growing babies.

57
Q

What is contraception?

A

Contraception is the process of stopping a woman from getting pregnant. This is usually to still have sex without making a baby.

58
Q

Why is contraception important?

A

So couples/women do not have babies before they are ready. This stops babies from being sent to foster care and allows them to have good lives generally. Also in places such as China it is against the law to have more then one child.

59
Q

What are 5 methods of contraception and how do they work?

A
  • Condom: A condom is a piece of plastic which is stretched over the penis during sex. This stops sperm from entering the vagina. The condom is also one of the only methods of contraception that also stops the spread of STI’s (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
  • Coitus Interruptus: Stoping sexual intercourse before the male ejaculates
  • Sexual Abstinence: Not having sex
  • Contraceptive pill: A pill that the woman takes containing hormones that stop her from getting pregnant
  • Vasectomy: the cutting of Vas Defens which stop sperm from being produced in the male.
60
Q

Why might couples not want to get pregnant?

A
  • Planning trips
  • Not in the right financial state to have a baby
  • Might want to wait until they are older
  • Might want to wait until they are married
  • Might not want to have a baby at all
61
Q

What is AI (not artificial intelligence)?

A

AI stands for Artificial Insemination and describes the process of injecting sperm into the womans vagina at the right time in ovulation. The sperm may be collected from her partner or a sperm donor. This technique has also been used in the production of farm animals.

62
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF stands for In-vitro-fertalisation. It is the process of fertalising a womans eggs out side the body. The eggs are collected and injected with hormones to simulate ovulation. If the eggs develop embryos the one that looks the healthiest is chosen. The egg is then inserted back into the woman for it to mature.

63
Q

Why might IVF be controversial?

A

IVF may be controversial because, by some it is seen as going against nature. Religion plays a key role in this. There are also complaints over the cost and side effects of the hormone injections.

64
Q

How can we see if an un-born baby is healthy

A

Ultrasounds use waves of sound to construct a visual image of the unborn baby. We can use that visual to see any genetic defects. We can also see the amount of liquid there is around the babies neck. Babies born with down-syndrome often have more liquid around there neck then babies without for example.

65
Q

Why are reproductive technologies controversial?

A

Because, by some they are seen as going against nature. Doctors can sometimes also make mistakes and damage the baby.

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