Medical Physi

Question 1

What the function of bone determine their shapes?

Answer 1

1- Plate like bone such as shoulder, scapula, and part of skull.
2- Long hollow bones such as arms, legs, fingers.
3- Crlindrical bones such as spine (vertebra)
4- Irregular bones such as vertebra, ankle.
5- Bones such as ribs not belong in any of the other piles.

Question 2

What the structure of bone and discipline it

Answer 2

1-Compact bone:- The outside or compact dense bone is designed to carry compressive loads.
2-Cancellous bone:- The inner sponge or cancellous at the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae, has thread-like filaments of bone (trabeculae ) which provide strength yet and light in weight.
Engineering example of such construction would be honeycomb structures used to strengthen aircraft wings and strengthen buildings.

Question 3

Wher the trabecular bone?

Answer 3

Trabecular bone is found in the ends of the long bones and vertebra. Trabeculae bone is weaker than compact bone due to the reduces the amount of bone in a given volume. While most of the compact bone is in the central shaft.

Question 5

What is bone made of ?

Answer 5

Bone consists of two different materials plus water:
1- Collagen:- the major organic fraction is about 40% of the weight of solid bone and 60% of it’s volume.
2- Bone Mineral:- Inorganic material, which is about 60% of the weight and 40% of volume of solid bone The collagen is quit exible (like rubber) and can even bent into loop, it has a fair amount of tensile strength
(it bends casily if it is compressed)

Question 6

What the type of connective tissue?

Answer 6

There are three type of connective tissue in the human body:-
1. Cartilage:- allows joint to move easily cushions bones. In addition, supports soft tissue.
2. Ligament: - hold bones in place at the joints.
3. Tendon: - joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bones?

Question 7

What is the bursa?

Answer 7

is a Synovial membrane filled with Synovial fluid and located at areas of high friction. Between bone and tendon, between skin and bone and between muscles.

Question 8

Force on hip and knee joint

Answer 8

In running, the force on the hip bone when the heel strikes the ground may be four times the body’s weight even in normal walking the forces on the hip are twice the body’s weight.)
When you are in deep squatting pasition the tension in the tendons that pass over the patella may be more than two times your weight

Question 9

What is the osteoporosis?

Answer 9

Osteoporosis:- a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

Question 10

Division in the shape of the spine are

Answer 10

1. Lordosis:- too much curvature, often occurs in the lumber region. a person with this condition is called sway- backed.
2. kyphosis:- is an irregular curvature of the spinal column, frequently it leads to a hump in the back. a person called as hunch backed.
3. scoliosis:- is a condition in which the spine curves in an “S” as seen from the back.
4. normal person.

Question 11

Treatment of slipped disc

Answer 11

1-Extended bed rest.
2- Traction
3- Physical therapies
4-Surgery

Question 12

What the type of force high heels effect?

Answer 12

Morton’s neuroma:- heel height and a narrow can create a thickening of tissue around a nerve between the third and 1.fourth toes, which can lead to pain and numbness in the
2. Achill’s tendon:- the higher the heel, the shorter the tendon becomes creating heel pain
Bunions: - tight shoes can cause a bony growth on the joint at the base of the big toes.

Question 13

Did a-count back pain reasons and treatment

Answer 13

1. Way to carry bags.
2. Type of shoesespecially high heels.
3. Type of bed sleeping.
4. How to sit on a chair.
5. Obesity

Question 15

What is the mechanical properties of bone?

Answer 15

Density, specific gravity, young modulus, elasticity of the bone

Question 16

How much the density of compact bone?

Answer 16

The density of compact bone constant along life and it is equal to (1.9 g/m3) (or 1.9 times as dense as water).

Question 17

When the material bone change in length and depends on what?

Answer 17

All material change in length when placed under tension or compression depends on the time over which the force is applied. As the force increases the length increases more rapidly, and the bone breaks at a stress of about 1.2 × 108 N/m^2

Question 18

Hollow cylinder is used for what?

Answer 18

hollow cylinder is used to get the maximum strength with a minimum amount of material.

Question 19

What is the surface area of bone?

Answer 19

Surface area is large at the end of bone to minimize the force applied, According to the physical equation of pressure P =F/A large surface area means low compression on the bone .

Question 20

What are the advantages of trabecular bone over compact bone?

Answer 20

The trabecular bone gives bone the strength necessary with less materials than compact bone. The trabecular are relatively flexible and bone can absorb more energy when large forces are involved such as in walking, running and jumping.

Question 21

Why the x-ray show bones so well?

Answer 21

Large percentage of calcium (Ca) exists in the bone, since calcium has a much heavier nucleus than most elements of the body; it absorbs x-ray much better than the surrounding soft tissie. This is the reason x-ray show bones so well

Question 22

What happens if mineral removed in the bone or collagen removed?

Answer 22

a. If mineral removed, bone is too bendable
b. If collagen removed, bone is too brittle

Question 23

Collagen produced by

Answer 23

Osteoblastic cells

Question 24

What is the bone cells?

Answer 24

Bone change through the life, a continues process of destroying old bone and building new bone called bone remodeling.
• Bone cells, which are found within the bone tissue, Osteoclasts are in the first category. They dissolve the bone. The other category is the Osteoblast family, which consists of osteoblasts that form bone.
• Each day the Osteoclasts destroy bone containing about 0.5g of calcium (the bones about 1000g of calcium), and Osteoblasts build new bone using about the same amount of calcium.

Question 25

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 25

The spinal cord protect by spinal column. The spinal cord provide for the transmission of nerve signal to and from the brain, The disc separating the vertebra damaged and lead to slipped disc (occurs when the wall of the disc weakens and tears,

Question 26

What is the plantar fasciitis?

Answer 26

Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of your foot that connects you heel bone to your toes.

Question 27

What is the symptoms of planter fasciitis?

Answer 27

Symptoms 1 - Develops gradually. 2 - Affects just one foot, although it can occur in both feet. 3 - Is worst with the first few steps after awakening. 4 - Feels like a sharp pain in the heel of your foot.

Question 28

What is the risk factor of plantar fasciitis?

Answer 28

1.Age. Plantar fasciitis is most common between the ages of 40 and 60. 2. Sex. Women are more likely than men to develop plantar fasciitis. 3. Certain types of exercise. Activities that place a lot of stress on your heel. 4. Faulty foot mechanics. Being flat-foot or having a high arch. 5. Obesity. 6. Occupations that keep you on your feet. 7. Improper shoes. Shoes lack arch support or the ability to absorb shock and shoes with high heels.

Question 29

Treatment of plantar fasciitis?

Answer 29

1. Surgery. 2. Lifestyle and home advices: a.Apply ice b. Decrease your mile c. Add arch supports to your shoes cd. d.Stretch your arches.

Question 30

What is the physical therapy of plantar fasciitis?

Answer 30

a. Exercises to stretch the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon and to strengthen lower leg muscles. b. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy like ultrasound. c. Heel pad or heel cap, and night splints

Question 31

The three problems with the x-ray technique were largely eliminated by using:-

Answer 31

1- A mono-energetic x-ray or gamma ray source 2- A narrow beam to minimize scatter and 3- A scintillation detector that detectors all photon and permit them to be sorted counted individually

Question 32

What is the medical physics?

Answer 32

Medical physics is mainly involved in the development of new instrumentation and technology used for diagnosis and also for treatments.

Question 33

The term medical physics refers to two major areas:

Answer 33

1. The applications of physics to the function of the human body in health' and disease. 2. The applications of physics in the practice of medicine. The first of these could be called the physics of physiology. The second includes such things as the physics of the stethoscope, the tapping of the chest (percussion), and the medical applications of lasers, ultrasound, radiation, and so forth

Question 34

The field of medical physics overlaps the two very large fields of ………….and ………….

Answer 34

Medicine,physics

Question 35

The branch of medicine referred to as physical medicine deals with what?

Answer 35

The branch of medicine referred to as physical medicine deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury by means of physical agents such as manipulation, massage, exercise, heat, and water.

Question 36

What is the physical therapy?

Answer 36

is the treatment of disease or bodily weakness by physical means such as massage and gymnastic rather than by drugs.

Question 37

The field of medical physies has several subdivisions;

Answer 37

1. Radiological physics: - This involves the applications of physics to radiological problems and includes the use of radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as the use of radionuclides in medicine (nuclear medicine). 2. Radiation protection: - Radiation protection of patients, workers, and the general public. In the United States this field is often called health physics. Health physics also includes radiation protection outside of the hospital such as around nuclear power plants and in industry. 3. Medical physics could be called medical engineering. a person who refers to himself as a medical engineer or biomedical engineer is likely to be working on medical instrumentation, usually of an electronic nature. 4. In some areas, such as the applications of ultrasound in medicine and the use of computers in medicine, you are likely to find medical physicists and medical engineers in nearly equal numbers. (The word medical is sometimes replaced with the word clinical if the job is closely connected with patient problems in hospitals, i.e., clinical engineering or clinical physics).

Question 38

What is the modeling?

Answer 38

Even though physicists believe that the physical world obeys the laws of physics, they are also aware that the mathematical descriptions of some physical situations are too complex to permit solutions.

Question 39

Say example about modelling,

Answer 39

Ex1/If you tore a small corner off this page and let it fall to the floor, it would go through various gyrations. Its path would be determined by the laws of physics. Ex2/In many ways the eye is analogous to a camera; however, the analogy is poo! when the film, which must be developed and replaced, is compared to the retina, the light detector of the eye. Exp3/A model in which the flow of blood is represented by the flow of electricity 1s often used in the study of the body's circulatory system.

Question 40

What is the measurement?

Answer 40

One of the main characteristics of science is its ability to reproducibly measure quantities of interest. The growth of science is closely related to the growth of the ability to measure. In the practice of medicine, early efforts to measure quantities of clinical interest were often scorned as detracting from the skill of the physician.

Question 41

There are many other physical measurements involving the body and time. We can divide them into two groups: -

Answer 41

1. Measurements of repetitive processes, such as pulse. 2. Measurements of nonrepetitive processes, such as how long it takes the kidneys to remove a foreign substance from the blood.

Question 42

Write about example repetitive processes?

Answer 42

1.The pulse rate is about 70/min. 2.The breathing rate is about 15/min.

Question 43

Write about writing about example non repetitive time processes:

Answer 43

Nonrepetitive time processes in the body range from the action potential of a nerve cell (Imsec) to the lifespan of an individual.

Question 44

When a physician must decide if the patient is ill or not, and what the illness is?

Answer 44

1.Medical history. 2. The findings of the physical examination. 3. The results of the clinical laboratory measurements.

Question 45

The decisions are two types of:

Answer 45

1. Right decisions. 2. Wrong decisions.

Question 46

It is not surprising that sometimes wrong decisions are made. These wrong decisions are of two types: -

Answer 46

1. False Positives. 2. False Negatives. false positive error occurs when a patient is diagnosed to have a particular disease when he or she does not have it. false negative error occurs when a patient is diagnosed to be free of a particular disease when he or she does have it.

Question 47

Diagnostic errors (false positives and false negatives) can be reduced by: -

Answer 47

1. Research into the causes of misleading laboratory test values. 2. Development of new clinical tests and better instrumentation.

Question 48

Errors or uncertainties from measurements can be reduced by: -

Answer 48

1. Using care in taking the measurement. 2. Repeating measurements. 3. Using reliable instruments. 4. Properly calibrating the instruments.

Question 49

Say example about false positive:

Answer 49

A young woman was thought to have a rheumatic heart condition and spent several years in complete bed rest before it was discovered that a false positive diagnosis had been made-she really had arthritis, a disease in which activity should be maintained to avoid joint stiffening.

Question 50

Say example about false negative?

Answer 50

In the early stages of many types of cancer it is easy to make a false negative diagnostic error because the tumor is small. Since the probability of cure depends on early detection of the cancer, a false negative diagnosis can greatly reduce the patient's chance of survival.

Question 51

What is the force?

Answer 51

The force controls all motion in the world, the important force in the body is the muscular forces that cause the blood to circulate and the lungs to take in air and other.

Question 52

What is the forces in the body?

Answer 52

1-Gravitational force 2-Electrical force 3-Weak nuclear force 4- Strong nuclear force

Question 53

What is the forces on the body?

Answer 53

1-Static force 2-Dynamic force 3-Frictional force

Question 54

What is the type of forces?

Answer 54

Internal forces produced by the muscles. External forces produce by the gravity, air resistance etc.

Question 55

Only ……………. and …………….forces are importance in our study affecting the human body.

Answer 55

Gravitational,Electrical

Question 56

We are often aware of forces on the body such as the force involved when we ………………

Answer 56

Bump in to objects

Question 57

We unaware of important forces in the body, for example, the muscular forces that causes the …………… and the …………..……

Answer 57

Blood circulate,lungs to take in air

Question 58

Control and action of our muscles is……………….

Answer 58

Electrical

Question 59

Electric forces are important at the ……………….and …………………

Answer 59

Moleculer,cellar levels