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Introductory > Medical Nutrition Lecture 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Medical Nutrition Lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

5/31/19 and 6/4/19

1
Q

Nourished

A

Adequate calories and nutrients

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2
Q

Under nourished

A

Not enough calories and nutrients

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3
Q

Malnourished

A

Quality of food is poor regardless of quantity

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4
Q

Overnourished

A

Consumption of too much food

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5
Q

Essential nutrient and examples

A

Must be obtained externally because the body cannot produce it, water, carb, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals

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6
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone released by the stomach upon lack of distension to stimulate appetite in the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone released by adipose tissues upon filling to decrease appetite in the hypothalamus, increase glucose uptake in muscle, decrease gluconeogenesis by liver

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8
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone released by pancreas that acts on the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Hormones hypothalamus releases in response to stimulate or supress metabolism at the brainstem

A

Proopriomelatocortin to MSH (catabolic)

Neuropeptide Y for anabolism

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10
Q

How much water do we need and why?

A

50% of weight in floz, Universal solvent, transport medium, heat regulation, lubrication

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11
Q

RDA’s

A

Recommended daily allowance, levels of intake of essential nutrients considered to be the general basis to meet the requirements of almost all healthy people

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12
Q

AI

A

Adequate intake, uh

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13
Q

UL

A

Upper Level, uh

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14
Q

EAR

A

Estimated average requirement, uh

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15
Q

1 lb of body weight =

A

3500 Calories

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16
Q

definition of a calorie

A

Energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celcius

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17
Q

Breakdown of calories daily

A

50% carbs
30% fats
20% protein

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18
Q

All carbohydrates break down into…

A

…Glucose (except cellulose/fibers that cannot be digested)

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19
Q

Many excess carbohydrates are stored as…

A

…triglycerides

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20
Q

Vegetables tend to lack…

A

…complete protein

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21
Q

Products of fat

A

Prostoglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes

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22
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

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23
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamine, ascorbic acids

24
Q

Trace minerals

A

Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Flouride & Boron

25
Q

BMI

A

Weight in kg/height in m^2

26
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-30

27
Q

Obesity BMI

A

> 30

28
Q

Adipose tissue as an organ releases what hormones?

A

-TNF-a, leptin, adiponectin

29
Q

Adiponectin function

A

Acts on the muscle to encourage glucose uptake, acts on liver to decrease gluconeogenesis

30
Q

Parts of the small intestine absorption

A

Duodenum - iron, ca2+, magnesium
Jejeunum - simple sugars and water soluble vitamins
Ileum - amino acids, fatty acids, B12, sodium, cholesterol, alcohol ***most important, if removed will need supplemental nutrition for life

31
Q

Catabolic pathways in the body

A
  • Glycolysis
  • TCA
  • oxphos
  • B oxidation
32
Q

Anabolic pathways in the body

A
  • gluconeogenesis

- fatty acid synthesis

33
Q

Ox phos ATP yield

A

32, + 4 from glycolysis and TCA gives 36-40

34
Q

Starvation application

A
35
Q

RBC’s lack mitochondria and therefore…

A

…cannot create ATP, must get it from the blood stream

36
Q

Hormones that increase blood sugar

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • growth hormone
37
Q

Hormones that increase blood sugar

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • growth hormone
38
Q

Cori cycle/lactic acid cycle

A

Liver uses lactate from muscle to make glucose, takes 3 times the energy to perform than energy that is produced

39
Q

Primary malnutrition

A

Altered or limited intake of nutrients and not associated with other disease states

40
Q

Secondary malnutrition

A

Altered nutritional status as a result of an underlying disease

41
Q

B1

A

Thiamine, deficiency causes eye paralysis, congestive heart failure, hyporeflexia

42
Q

B6

A

Pyroxidine, peripheral neuropathy

43
Q

B12

A

Cyanocobolamine, optic neuritis and loss of proprioception and vibration sensitivity, anemia

44
Q

B2

A

Riboflavin, angular stomatitis cheilosis

45
Q

Vitamin A

A

Dry conjunctiva, corneal uceration, dry skin

46
Q

Vitamin C

A

Gingivial hypertrophy and bleeding

47
Q

Vitamin D

A

Osteomalacia, musclular hypotonia

48
Q

Vitamin K

A

Hemorrhages

49
Q

Iodin

A

Goiter

50
Q

Niacin

A

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

51
Q

Zinc

A

Disgeusia (altered taste)

52
Q

cachexia

A

Weakness and wasting of body due to severe chronic illness (AIDS, cancer, starvation)

53
Q

B5

A

Panthoenic acid

54
Q

B7B

A

Biotin

55
Q

B9

A

Folates

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