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MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY > Medical Mycology > Flashcards

Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized discipline in the field of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, environmental impact, and genetic and biochemical properties.

A

Mycology

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2
Q

Major factors responsible for the increase in the number of fungal infections

A

Growing number of immunocompromised people

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3
Q

Major predisposing factors for fungal infections

A

Immunocompromised host
Complex surgical procedures
Antibacterial therapy

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4
Q

Living on dead or decayed organic matter in nature

A

Saprophytic

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5
Q

Humans become accidental hosts for fungi by

A

Inhaling of spores
Direct contact with spores
Introduction of fungal elements into tissue by trauma.

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6
Q

Colony appearance of yeasts

A

Moist, creamy, opaque or pasty colonies

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7
Q

Colony appearance of molds

A

Fluffy, cottony, woolly, or powdery colonies

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8
Q

Fungal pathogens that exhibit either a yeast (or yeast-like) phase, and filamentous forms

A

Dimorphic fungi

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9
Q

When dimorphism is temperature dependent, the fungi are designated

A

Thermally dimorphic

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10
Q

Ideal temperature for molds

A

25° to 30°C

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11
Q

Ideal temperature for yeasts

A

35° to 37°C

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12
Q

The medically important dimorphic fungi

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
C. immitis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Sporothrix schenckii
Penicillium marneffei

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13
Q

Fungi that have more than one independent form or spore stage in their life cycle

A

Polymorphic fungi

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14
Q

Polymorphic fungi groups are temperature dependent. True or false?

A

False

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15
Q

General characteristics of fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Thallophytes
Chitin in the cell wall
Ergosterol in the cell membrane
Reproduction by means of spores, produced asexually or sexually
Lack of chlorophyll
Lack of susceptibility to antibacterial antibiotics
Saprophytic nature

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16
Q

Have true nuclei and are heterotrophic members of the plant family

A

Thallophytes

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17
Q

Sexual reproduction of zygomycota

A

Zygospores

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18
Q

Asexual reproduction of zygomycota

A

Sporangiospores

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19
Q

Asexual reproduction of zygomycota

A

Sporangiospores

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20
Q

Fungi that produce hyaline sparsely septate hyphae

A

Zygomycota

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21
Q

Clinically important genera of phylum zygomycota

A

Rhizopus
Mucor
Rhizomucor
Lichtheimia (Absidia)
Cunninghamella

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22
Q

Asexual reproduction of ascomycota

A

Conidia

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23
Q

Known as asexual spores

A

Conidia

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24
Q

Sexual reproduction of ascomycota

A

Ascospores

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25
Q

Sexual form of fungi

A

Teleomorph

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26
Q

Asexual form of fungi

A

Anamorph

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27
Q

Fungi that have different asexual forms of the same fungus are called

A

Synanomorphs

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28
Q

Anamorphic forms of Pseudallescheria boydii

A

Scedosporium apiospermum Graphium

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29
Q

Species with graphium anamorph

A

Microsporum spp.
Trichophyton spp.
Pseudallescheria boydii

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30
Q

Teleomorphic form of H. capsulatum

A

Ajellomyces

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31
Q

Teleomorphic form of Aspergillus

A

Eurotium

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32
Q

Sexual reproduction of basidiomycota

A

Basidiospores

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33
Q

Specialized structure where basidiospores are formed

A

Basidia

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34
Q

The teleomorphic form of C. neoformans

A

Filobasidiella neoformans

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35
Q

Asexual reproduction of deuteromycota

A

Conidia

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36
Q

Sexual reproduction of deuteromycota

A

Lacks sexual reproductive cycle

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37
Q

Fungal infections that involve the hair, skin, or nails without direct invasion of the deeper tissue.

A

Superficial or cutaneous mycoses

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38
Q

Agents of ringworm, athlete’s foot

A

Dermatophytes

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39
Q

Examples of subcutaneous infections

A

Sporothricosis
Mycetoma
Chromoblastomycosis
Phaeohyphomycotic cysts

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40
Q

Agents of systemic fungal infections

A

Blastomyces
Coccidioides
Histoplasma
Paracoccidioides
P. marneffei

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41
Q

Primary organ involved in systemic mycoses

A

Lungs

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42
Q

Primary mode of acquisition of systemic mycoses

A

Inhalation

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43
Q

Agents of superficial or cutaneous fungal infections

A

Dermatophytes
Tinea nigra
Tinea versicolor
Piedra

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44
Q

Infections that occur primarily in patients with some type of compromise of the immune system.

A

Opportunistic mycoses

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45
Q

Commonly encountered infections caused by opportunistic mycoses

A

Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Zygomycosis

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46
Q

Fungal infections involved in deeper skin layers, including muscle, connective tissue, and bone

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

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47
Q

Fungal infections that disseminate and involve any organ system

A

Systemic mycoses

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48
Q

Fungi that produce brown-pigmented structures

A

Dematiaceous fungi
Phaeoid hyphae

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49
Q

Hyphae with crosswalls

A

Septate hyphae

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50
Q

Hyphae that is continuous without crosswalls

A

Aseptate hyphae or Sparsely septate / Coenocytic

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51
Q

Nonpigmented hyphae is considered

A

Moniliaceous / Hyaline hyphae

52
Q

Color of dematiaceous fungi

A

Pale to dark brown or almost black

53
Q

Stain used to ditermine hyphal pigmentation in the tissue

A

Masson-Fontana stain

54
Q

In Masson-Fontana stain
1. Phaeoid hyphae stains ____
2. Hyaline hyphae stains ____

A

Black
Pink to red

55
Q

Science devoted to the study of fungi and their relationship to human disease

A

Medical Mycology

56
Q

Fungal agents include:

A

True pathogens
Opportunistic pathogens

57
Q

Fungi that lack sexual reproduction; they are represented only by mitotic or asexual reproductive state

A

Imperfect fungi

58
Q

Fungi that are capable of fungal reproduction = TELEOMORPH

A

Perfect fungi

59
Q

Hyphal or mycelial colony of growth

60
Q

Unicellular, spherical to ellipsoid (3-5um) fungal cells; reproduce by budding

61
Q

Oxygen requirement of molds

A

Almost all molds are aerobic

62
Q

Oxygen requirement of yeasts

A

Most yeasts are facultative anaerobes

63
Q

General characteristics of fungi: GMRC

A

Most are more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria
Can grow on very low moisture content
Require less nitrogen than bacteria
Often capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates, such as lignin

64
Q

Identification of yeasts is based primarily on

A

Biochemical testing

65
Q

How does yeasts divide?

A

Few divide by BINARY FISSION but most reproduce asexually by BUDDING

66
Q

Identification of molds is based on

A

Growth rate
Macroscopic and microscopic appearance

67
Q

Tubular, branching filaments (2–10 m in width) of fungal cells, mold form of growth

68
Q

Microscopic units of fungi

69
Q

Cross-walls that divide hyphae

70
Q

Swollen, branching tips that resemble moose antlers ,with lateral and terminal branching

A

Antler hyphae

71
Q

Contain enlarged, club-shaped areas resembling a tennis racquet

A

Raquet hyphae

72
Q

Tightly coiled showing corkscrew-like turns

A

Spiral hyphae

73
Q

Example of antler hyphae

A

Trichophyton shoenleinii

74
Q

Example of raquet hyphae

A

Epidermophytoc floccosum

75
Q

Example of spiral hyphae

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

76
Q

Mass of intertwining structure composed of hyphae

77
Q

Portion of mycelium that grows in or on a substrate and absorbs water and nutrients; anchor the colony

A

VEGETATIVE PORTION OR THALLUS

78
Q

Portion of mycelium that contains fruiting bodies that produce the conidia and spores; extends above the agar surface

A

REPRODUCTIVE PORTION OR AERIAL

79
Q

Requires formation of special structures so that fertilization or nuclear fission can occur

A

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

80
Q

Do not exhibit a sexual phase; spores are produced asexually from mycelium

A

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

81
Q

Fungi that have different asexual forms of the same fungus

A

SYNANOMORPHS

82
Q

Types of sexual spores

A

Ascospores
Basidiospores
Zygospores
Oospores

83
Q

Types of asexual spores

A

Arthroconidia
Blastoconidia
Chlamydoconidia
Sporangiospores

84
Q

Contained in a saclike structure called ASCUS

A

Ascospores

85
Q

Following meiosis, how many meiospores form within an ascus

86
Q

Contained in a club-shaped BASIDIUM

A

Basidiospores

87
Q

Following meiosis, how many meiospores usually form on the surface of a basidium

88
Q

Rough-walled spores produced by the fusion of two identical cells arising from the same hypha

A

Zygospores

89
Q

Formed by heterogenous fertilization. Involve the fusion of cells from separate, nonidentical hyphae

90
Q

Conidia that result from the simple fragmentation of hyphal cells

A

Arthroconidia

91
Q

Simplest type of sporulation

A

Arthroconidia

92
Q

Empty spaces that appear between each arthrospores in alternate arrangement

A

Disjunctor cells

93
Q

Conidial formation through a budding process

A

Blastoconidia

94
Q

Large, thick-walled, usually spherical conidia produced by “rounding-up” and enlargement of the terminal hyphal cells

A

Chlamydoconidia

95
Q

Chlamydoconidia formed at the hyphal tip

96
Q

Chlamydoconidia formed at the hyphal sides

97
Q

Chlamydoconidia formed within the hyphal strand

A

Intercalary

98
Q

Mitotic spores produced within an enclosed sporangium, often supported by one sporangiophore

A

Sporangiospores

99
Q

Asexual spores (mitospores) produced either singly or multiply in long chains or clusters by specialized vegetative hyphae = Conidiophores

100
Q

Flask-shaped secondary segments which produces the conidia = Phialoconidia

101
Q

Ringed structures that produce Annelloconidia

A

Annellides

102
Q

Formation of conidia

A

CONIDIOGENESIS

103
Q

Conidiogenesis where parent cell enlarges, a septum forms and the enlarge portion splits off to form a daughter cell

A

Blastic Conidiogenesis

104
Q

Conidiogenesis where septum forms first and new growth beyond the septum becomes daughter cell

A

Thallic Conidiogenesis

105
Q

Small, unicellular with a round, elliptical, or pyriform shape

A

Microconidia

106
Q

Large, usually multiseptate, and club oval or spindle shaped; thick or thin walled; spiny or smooth surface

A

Macroconidia

107
Q

Term for spiny Macroconidia

A

Echinulate

108
Q

Conidia that are produced by a “vase-shaped”

A

Phialoconidia

109
Q

Chain of conidia was produced by an

110
Q

Ubiquitous in nature and produce true septate hyphae

All exhibit a sexual form (teleomorph) but also exist in an asexual form (anamorph)

A

Ascomycota

111
Q

Generally plant pathogens or environmental organisms that rarely cause disease in humans

A

Basidiomycota

112
Q

Not a true phylogenetic group but rather an artificial class

A

Deuteromycota

113
Q

Deuteromycota is also known as

A

FUNGI IMPERFECTI

114
Q

Characteristics of superficial / cutaneous mycoses

A

Confined to the outermost layer of skin or hair
All infect keratinized tissues

115
Q

Causative agent of oral thrush

A

Candida albicans

116
Q

Function of spores in fungi

A

Reproduction

117
Q

Causative agent of gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringes

118
Q

Antler hyphae is also known as

A

Favic chandelier

119
Q

Trichophyton spp. affects

A

Hair
Skin
Nails

120
Q

Epidermophyton affects

121
Q

Microsporum spp. affects

122
Q

Causative agent of Pytiriasis versicolor

A

Malassezia furfur

123
Q

Causative agent of rose gardener’s disease

A

Sporothrix schenckii

124
Q

Causative agent of fungal meningitis

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

125
Q

Unique structure in fungi

A

Chitin in the cell wall

MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (2 decks)

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