Medical Management Of Glaucoma-2 Flashcards
Beta 1 receptors found where
Heart
Stimulation causes increase HR, cardiac contraxtiltiy and atropoventricualr conduction
Beta 2 receptors found where
Located in bronchial muscle,. Blood vessles and uterus
Stimulation causes dilation of bronchi and blood vessels
Beta 3 receptors found wher
Recently identified in mammals
Mediation of lipolysis
Topical ocular BBlockers (OBB)
B adrenergic antagonsits are competitive inhibitors
Classifications
- selective (B1 or B2)
- non selective (both B1 ands B2)
Selectivity of BBlockers
Selectivity is relatively at high concentrations selective B adrenergic act on all beta receptors
MOA of OBB
Reduction in aqueous formation
- no change in outflow facility
- aqueous formation can decrease as much as 50%
- exact mechanisms still not clear (despite 30 years of use)
- two hypothesis: classic and alternate
Classic hypothesis of OBB
Inhibits B adreneriv agonsits from binding its receptors, cannot act as a second messenger with cAMP, reduced production of aqueous from CB
Alternate mechanisms of OBBs
- ciliary process are under continuous tonic stimulation to produce aqueous (medicated by epinephrine)
- B blocker interfere with tonic stimulation
- this is a speculative hypothesis
- no anatomical basis identify yet
Indications of OBB
- lowering IOP ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma
- may be used stand alone or in combination with other drugs
- secondary glaucoma
- angle closure glaucoma
Contraindications of OBB
- relative or absolute contraindication in patients with pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, severe COPD. Betaxolol (selective OBB is not contraindicated for above disease)
- any pateitn with sinu bradycardia (less than 60 beats restin), overt CHF
- any patient that develops either heart or Leung problems after starting OBBs
- patient hypersensitivity to drug or any components
Any one with less than ____- beats per minute or with ______ should not be on OBB
60BPM
CHF
Treatment regimen for OBB
- used once or twice daily
- twice daily may lower IOP greater than once daily
- more and more practictioners used qd and increase to BID if needed (to minimize side effects)
- all OBBs twice daily
Exception to using OBB twice a day
Isatalol qam
Timoptic XE or GFS (gels) qd
Betagan qd
Timolol
- available as timolol maleate or hemihydrate 0.25 and 0.5%
- commonly used 0.5%
- non selective beta adrenergic antagonist
- no corneal anesthesia (like propranolol)
- greater efficacy than pilocarpine
- lowers IOP in normals, ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients
Most commonly used OBB
Timolol maleate 0.5%
Selectivity of timolol
Non selective
Timolol used as an alternative
Good alternative for PGs
Onset of action for timolol
30m following instillation
Peak action of timolol
2 hours
Maximal effect of timolol persists for how long
12 hours
IOP lowering of timolol persist for
24 hours
Timolol in pateitns with systemic BBlockers
Don’t put them on it If they are already on an oral BBcloker
When should we use timolol
AM
-reduces IOP below baseline
Timolol PM dose foes not reduce it below baseline levels
This casts doubt on its efficacy on PM dosing
Short term escape: timolol
- not in all pateitns
- efficacy of timolol decreases over time (several weeks)
- repsosne of beta receptors to constant antagonsits
- there may be an up regulation of beta receptors in target tissue
Important-no in all patients!
Long term drift: timolol
- over months to years
- control of IOP not as good as once
- washing out and re starting helps restore levels
- lack of efficacy or poor adherence? We dont know for sure
Washout period of timolol
- IOP lowering effects may persist for 2 weeks
- aqueous flow up to 6 weeks
- clinically a 4 week washout period is considered acceptable
Gels vs drops for timolol
Gels
- improve bioavailability
- decreases systemic absorption
- once a day dose instead of BID-compliance/adherence may be better
- blurs vision if left over in morning
- timoptic XE preserved with benzododecinium bromide (not BAK)
Istalol
- timolol maleate 0.5%
- formulated with potassium sorbate
- claims to enhance bioavailability so once a day
- lower BAK concentration
- most visits IOP difference is within 1.0mmHg between groups 95% CL
- all visits within 1.5mmHg (compared to twice daily)
Why is istalol once daily
Formulated with potassium sorbate. Claims to enhance bioavailability, so only needed once daily
Betaxolol hydrochloride
- selective BBlocker
- initially 0.5% solution (1985)
- later 0.25% suspension of resin coated beads (gradual release)-betoptic S (suspension)
- betaxolol solution is not longer available ion USA
Is betaxolol solution available in US
No
Clinically a _____ wash out period is considered acceptable
4 week wash out
Why do we use betaxolol suspension (betoptic S) instead of solution
- causes less ocular irritation compared to solution
- less effective when compared to timolol
- advantage it is selective BBlocker- can be used in patients with pulmonary disease
Local side effects of betaxolol
- propranolol-corneal anesthesia
- other OBBs no such effect
- discomfort, burning stinging. Factors like active molecule, pH, preservative and vehicle
- preservative-BAK. BAK helps with penetration fo OBBs, sensitivity not uncommon
- ocular cicatricial pemphigoid
Purpose of BAK in betaxolol
Helps with penetration of OBBS