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Forensic medicine > Medical jurisprudence, Death and PM changes (cont.) > Flashcards

Medical jurisprudence, Death and PM changes (cont.) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the significance of the Diatom test in drowning cases?

A

Presence of diatoms (microscopic algae) in organs or bone marrow suggests antemortem drowning.

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2
Q

What specific lung conditions may be seen in antemortem drowning?

A

Emphysema aquosum and Edema aquosum (seen in unconscious victims)

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3
Q

Where are foreign bodies like fluid, debris, weeds, and vegetation found in antemortem drowning?

A

Present in bronchi and bronchioles
Postmortem drowning: Only in upper respiratory passages (passively collected)

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4
Q

Where are diatoms found in antemortem drowning?

A

Present in lungs, liver, brain, bone marrow, etc.
Postmortem drowning: Present only in lungs (not spread to distant organs due to lack of circulation)

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5
Q

Mechanism of death in freshwater vs seawater drowning

A

Freshwater: disruption of surfactant d/t denaturation
Seawater: dilution of surfactant

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6
Q

Fluid and electrolyte changes in seawater vs freshwater drowning

A

Seawater: Hypovolemia, Hypernatremia
Freshwater: Hyponatremia, Hypervolemia, Hyperkalemia

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7
Q

Which type of drowning takes lesser time to death?

A

Freshwater (4-5 mins) < seawater (8-12 mins)

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8
Q

What are the elements that should be present to prove negligence against a doctor

A

Duty
Dereliction
Direct causation
Damage

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9
Q

Green discoloration of area over cecum in putrefaction is caused by

A

Enzyme lecithinase produced by C. welchii

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10
Q

Earliest internal change produced d/t putrefaction is

A

reddish brown discoloration of inner surface of vessels

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11
Q

Important BNS relating to miscarriage

A

BNS 88- miscarriage with consent
BNS 89- miscarriage without consent
BNS 90- death of mother with act done with intent to cause miscarriage
BNS 91- preventing child from being born alive or causing its death after birth
BNS 92- death of quick unborn child

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12
Q

BNS 63, 64 (1), 65 (1), 65 (2)

A

BNS 63- rape
64 (1)- punishment for rape
65 (1)- < 16 y/o
65 (2)- < 12 y/o

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13
Q

BNS 66, 67, 68, 70(1), 70(2)

A

66- death/ permanent vegetative
67- husband on wife during separation c/o consent
68- person of authority
70 (1)- gang rape
70 (2)- gang rape < 18 y/o

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14
Q

BNS 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78

A

71- repeat rape offenders
74- outrage woman’s modesty
75- sexual harrasment
76- intent to disrobe
77- voyeurism
78- stalking

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15
Q

WHen is putrifaction delayed and when is it hastened?

A

Delayed: death by poisons
Hastened: sepsis, kidney disease

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16
Q

Rules to assess criminal responsibility

A

McNaughten’s rule
Durham’s rule
Curren’s rule (capacity)
The irresistible impulse
ALT
Brawner rule

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17
Q

Ashley’s rule

A

COmbined length of manubrium and sternum:
>149mm– male; <149mm– female

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18
Q

BNS 80

A

Dowry death

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19
Q

Casper dictum

A

Estimation of time since death
1 week in air= 2 weeks in water= 8 weeks in soil

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20
Q

After death, body loses heat mainly by

A

convection, conduction

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21
Q

Temperature of dead body is measured in

A

rectum
subhepatic region

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22
Q

BNS 227, 228, 229

A

227- perjury
228- fabricating false evidence
229- punishment for false evidence

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23
Q

Immediate signs of death

A

Loss of voluntary power
cessation of respiration
cessation of circulation

24
Q

Early signs of death

A

Pallor and loss of elasticity of skin
Eye changes
Primary flaccidity of muscles
Algor mortis
Suggilation
Rigor mortis

25
Late signs of death
Putrefaction Adipocere Mummification
26
Nysten's rule
sequential onset of rigor mortis
27
Muscles affected by rigor mortis in what order
Heart- left chamber eyelids neck, lower jaw face chest upper extremities abdomen legs fingers and toes
28
What is Perte’s syndrome?
Perte’s syndrome, also known as traumatic asphyxia, is a clinical syndrome characterized by cranio-cervical cyanosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, petechiae, and neurological symptoms, caused by intense compression of the thorax or abdomen.
29
Cause of death in dry drowning
Laryngeal spasm
30
Immersion syndrome occurs d/t
Vagal inhibition
31
Post immersion syndrome occurs d/t
Pulmonary edema Electrolyte imbalance Cerebral anoxia Pneumonia Chemical pneumonitis Metabolic acidosis It is aka secondary drowning
32
Leading questions are not allowed in
Direct examination Re-direct examination Dying declaration
33
BNS 105, 100, 116
BNS 105- culpable homicide not amounting to murder 100- culpable homicide 116- grievous hurt
34
BNS 114, 115 (1), 115 (2), 117 (1), 117 (2)
114- hurt 115 (1)- voluntarily causing hurt 115 (2)- punishment for voluntarily causing hurt 117 (1)- voluntarily causing grievous hurt 117 (2)- punishmnet for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
35
What is Robert's sign in intrauterine death?
Robert's sign is the gas shadow in the great vessels of a fetus, seen radiographically within 12 hours of death, often in the heart chambers or large vessels.
36
What is the earliest sign of intrauterine death?
Reddening of the skin with peeling, observed within 12 hours.
37
What are large blebs in intrauterine death, and when do they appear?
Large blebs containing red serous or serosanguineous fluid appear at around 24 hours.
38
What is Spalding's sign in intrauterine death?
Spalding's sign is the radiographic finding of loss of alignment and overriding of cranial bones, seen 7 days after fetal death due to brain shrinkage.
39
What is Ball sign in intrauterine death?
Ball sign refers to hyperflexion of the spine with rib crowding seen in intrauterine death.
40
What is Halo sign in intrauterine death?
Halo sign is a radiological sign indicating an increase in soft tissue width between subcutaneous fat and the cranial vault.
41
Rigor mortis timeline
Starts 1-2 hrs Well established 9-12 hrs Disappears by 18-36 hrs
42
Glove and stocking hypostasis seen in
Vertical hanging
43
What is the main cause of death in carbon monoxide poisoning?
Anemic hypoxia.
44
What happens to oxygen content in anemic hypoxia?
O₂ content is low, but dissolved O₂ is within normal limits, so peripheral chemoreceptors are not stimulated.
45
What types of hypoxia are caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?
Both anemic hypoxia (due to CO-Hb) and histotoxic hypoxia (due to inhibition of cytochrome C oxidase).
46
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
It occurs when enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation (e.g., inhibited by cyanide) are affected, limiting oxygen utilization even if oxygen is supplemented.
47
What is the treatment focus for stagnant hypoxia?
Improving circulation with intravenous fluids or positive pressure ventilation, especially in prolonged shock.
48
BNS 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
20- child < 7y/o not liable 21- child of 7-12 yrs not liable based on maturity 22- McNaughten 23- involuntary intoxication not liable 24- voluntary intoxication liable
49
Lichtenberg figures occurs d/t
rupture of small vessels Seen within 1 hr and disappear in 1-2 days
50
Mechanism of formation of adipocere
anerobic hydrolysis and hydrogenation resulting in waxy substance
51
How long does adipocere formation take?
at least 3 weeks in summer
52
septic abortion death PM hypostasis color
greenish brown
53
What is res judicata?
If a court has already made a final decision on a case, the same case cant be taken to court again
54
In case of professional misconduct, the patient's records on demand should be provided within
72 hrs
55
BNS 30
life saving procedures can be done without consent
56
Tests for confirming cessation of circulation
No audible heart sounds for 5 mins Flat ECG for 5 mins Magnus test (ligature) Diaphanous test (Transillumination) Icard test (Fluorescent dye injection) Fingernail test
57
Tests for cessation of breathing
No audible breath sounds for 5 mins Winslow test (water bowl on chest) Mirror test (fogging of mirror) Feather test

Forensic medicine (6 decks)

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