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Edexcel A Level Ethics - Applied > Medical Ethics > Flashcards

Medical Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ‘Sanctity of Life’? (SOL)

A

Human life is intrinsically valuable because it was created by God

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2
Q

Who supports the Sanctity of Life?

A

Roman Catholics, Natural Moral Law and Humanists

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3
Q

(SOL) What do Roman Catholics believe?

A
  • life is sacred as we were born in God’s image
  • life begins at conception
  • no human has the power to destroy life
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4
Q

(SOL) What does Natural Moral Law believe?

A

There are two of 5 primary precepts that correspond with the sanctity of life:
- self-preservation
- reproduction

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5
Q

(SOL) What do Humanists argue?

A
  • Article 2: the right to preserve life
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6
Q

(SOL) How can Kantian ethics be interpreted to support this?

A

As reason is what sets us apart from other species

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7
Q

(SOL) What Kantian proposition supports this?

A

Treat humanity as an ends, never a means

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8
Q

Where is the quote “let us make man in our image, in our likeness” from?

A

Genesis

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9
Q

How is SOL exemplified religiously?

A

Through revealed law

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10
Q

Where is the quote “Do not murder” from?

A

The 10 Commandments

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11
Q

What is the Strong SOL?

A

ABSOLUTE belief that all human life is sacred, regardless of the circumstance

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12
Q

What is the Weak SOL?

A

Agape should be primarily used to determine what happens

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13
Q

What normative ethical theory supports WSOL?

A

Situation Ethics - Most loving thing

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14
Q

What are the criticisms of the SOL?

A

Jonathan Glover and R.M. Hare

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15
Q

What does Glover argue for?

A

The Quality of Life

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16
Q

How does Glover argue for the QOL?

A

Life must have e a quality to be worthwhile: memories, preferences, desires, sense of identity etc
This is what makes a person

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17
Q

What does Glover justify as not morally evil?

A

To kill someone that is without a valuable life

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18
Q

What does R.M. Hare discuss about QOL?

A

He views foetuses as “possible people” rather than “actual people” - they have the potential for life but currently do not possess any preferences or interests

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19
Q

What is personhood?

A

The status of being a person where these characteristics (autonomy, choice etc) manifest

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20
Q

What are Jack Mahoney’s criteria for a person?

A
  • rationality
  • sentience
  • emotion
  • free will
  • curiosity
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21
Q

What is Peter Singer’s view on personhood?

A

They show rationality and consciousness, they are simply a life form, whereas a ‘potential’ human is a cluster of cells - link to R.M. Hare

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22
Q

What is the situation ethics view on personhood?

A

Fletcher: a person has concerns for others, communication and curiosity, self-awareness with a sense for the furutre

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23
Q

What is John Locke’s view on personhood?

A

They must be conscious, possess rational thoughts and be able to remember themself doing so in different places and times

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24
Q

What is ensoulment?

A

The placing of a soul in a human being

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25
Q

What/ who supports ensoulment?

A

Dualism, Christianity - Augustine, Aquinas

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26
Q

What does ensoulment mean for personhood?

A

Once the embryo receives a soul, it becomes a person

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27
Q

When did Aquinas belive ensoulment occured?

A

40 days after birth

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28
Q

What does dualism offer to ensoulment?

A

The soul is a separate entity from the body and survives the death of the body - Plato, Descartes

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29
Q

What are criticisms to ensoulment?

A

Not supported by any medical theory, no biological or psychological evidence

Many fertilised eggs can be naturally aborted - miscarriage - by the body, what does this mean for the soul?

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30
Q

What are the medical ethics laws in the Hippocratic Oath?

A
  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Confidentiality
  • Do not harm
  • Equity
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31
Q

What does Glover state about the Hippocratic Oath?

A

The importance of the conversations between medical professionals and patients - assessing each case individually

32
Q

What is significant about the Warnock Report - 1984?

A
  • makes it clear law and morality are separate matters
  • aim of law is to protect citizens, should not be personal
33
Q

What is the cycle of an embryo-foetus-baby?

A
  • conception
  • implantation (6-10 days)
  • ‘primitive streak’ (15 days)
  • embryo begins (4 weeks)
  • foetal heartbeat (5/6 weeks)
  • feel movement (15 weeks)
  • foetal can feel pain (17 weeks)
  • survive outside womb (24 weeks)
  • born (40 weeks)
34
Q

What does the Warnock Report explore?

A
  • embryos can be used for scientific experiments if the reason has more goodness to it
  • there should be some protection for ‘pre-embryos’ but not as much as embryos in the womb
  • embryo destroyed after 14 days ‘primitive streak’
35
Q

What normative ethic principles is the Warnock Report based on?

A

Utilitarian

36
Q

What is Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis?

A

A treatment which involves checking the genes/ chromosomes of the embryo for a specific condition

37
Q

How is PGD done?

A

Through IVF as it has to be tested in a lab, embryos which are free of disease can be placed back inside the womb

38
Q

Where is PGD illegal and why?

A

Germany due to the history with eugenics

39
Q

What diseases does PGD specifically prevent?

A

Huntington’s disease

40
Q

What do some PGD clinics offer?

A

The choice of the sex of the child

41
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Pluripotent - unspecialised and can be developed into any type of cellular tissue

42
Q

When were embryonic stem cells found?

A

1981

43
Q

When were adult stem cells found?

A

2001

44
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

In fat tissue or bone marrow

45
Q

What is the significance of stem cells found in cord blood?

A

They can be sued to treat cancers and genetic disorders

46
Q

What are the controversies surrounding embryonic stem cells?

A

After 14 days the stem cells have to be destroyed - primitive streak

47
Q

What is IVF?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

48
Q

When was IVF permitted?

A

1990 - human fertilisation and embryonic act

49
Q

How many embryos used in IVF were thrown away?

A

1.7 million

50
Q

What does IVF serve?

A
  • overcome infertility
  • screen against genetic disorders
  • research
51
Q

What was the impact of Covid 19 on IVF?

A

There was an additional 2 year storage added to the previous maximum of 10

52
Q

What is IVM?

A

In Vitro Maturation

53
Q

What occurs in IVM?

A

The removal of immature eggs from a woman and using IVF to mature them and fertilise with sperm

54
Q

What is frozen egg/sperm?

A

In 1996 it was allowed to freeze sperm/eggs for up to 10 years

55
Q

What are donors?

A

A donor egg or sperm is mechanically placed in the womb or fertilised through IVF

56
Q

What is the law concerning donors?

A

2004 - someone 18 or over has the right to know the identity of their donor parent

57
Q

What are 2 criticisms against the use of embryos outside the womb?

A
  • National Catholic Reporter
    -William Lane Craig
58
Q

What does the National Catholic Reporter argue?

A
  • embryonic research is the same as throwing them down the drain (destroyed)
  • only 10% of frozen eggs are adopted
59
Q

What does Wiliam Lane Craig argue?

A
  • to say a fertilised embryo is not a baby is to say a baby is not a human
  • a form of homicide
60
Q

What is the Violin Analogy?

A
  • argues that the rights in the situation override the other
  • analogy about abortion and the right to autonomy
  • if life cannot survive without medical intervention, is it worth being kept?
61
Q

What is the definition of abortion?

A

The removal of a developing embryo/foetus before it is capable to survive independently

62
Q

What are other words used about abortion?

A

termination, expulsion, removal of

63
Q

When does an embryo become a foetus?

A

8 weeks

64
Q

What is the Uk Law on abortion?

A

Permitted in 1967:
- two doctors must agree to a series of requests, e.g. the mother’s life is at risk, or the baby was born disabled etc

65
Q

What is the cut off point for the procedure of an abortion?

A

24 weeks

66
Q

What does Judith Thompson say in defence of abortion?

A
  • a woman owns her body and therefore has prior claim to it
  • the foetus only has tenants rights, the woman has ownership rights
  • these rights cannot be equal
67
Q

What is the situation of Abortion in the US?

A

1973 Roe v. Wade passed, decriminalising abortion

2022 Roe v. Wade overturned, leaving it in the hands of state representatives

68
Q

How many US states have banned abortion since 2022?

A

14

69
Q

What are the two types of assisted dying?

A

Assisted suicide and Euthanasisa

70
Q

What are the other forms of ‘assisted dying’?

A

non-voluntary, voluntary, passive

71
Q

What are the Laws in the UK concerning assisted suicide?

A

Illegal - and punishable by life imprisonment as viewed as manslaughter or murder

72
Q

When was suicide decriminalised in the UK?

A

1961

73
Q

What is palliative care?

A

specialised medical care for someone who is living with a severe illness

74
Q

Why is dignified dying supported?

A

Interfaith leaders for dignity in dying - Christians and Jews who support legislation for assisted dying in certain extreme situations

Dignified death shows compassion

The right to life should be mirrored through the Right to death

75
Q

What are the criticisms against assisted suicide?

A
  • life is sacred
  • created in God’s image
  • doctors should not end life - this would complicate the doctor/patient relationship

Edexcel A Level Ethics - Applied (5 decks)

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