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Foundations in Health Care 1 > Medical Emergencies > Flashcards

Medical Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is shock?

A

Shock is when there is not enough fluid circulating through it to keep organs and tissues perfused and functioning properly.
Note: Shock can refer to physiological or a psychological type of shock, here we are more concerned about physiological shock.

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2
Q

What are the main categories of physiological shock?

A

Septic shock - caused by bacterial infection
Anaphylactic Shock - caused by hypersensitivity or an allergic reaction
Cardiogenic shock - caused by heart damage
Neurogenic shock - caused by spinal cord trauma
Hypovolemic shock - caused by blood or fluid loss

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3
Q

How would you treat septic shock?

A

Antibiotics and fluid therapy

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4
Q

How would you treat anaphylactic shock?

A

Treatment may include antihistamines, steroids’ and epinephrine

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5
Q

How would you treat cardiogenic shock?

A

Must identify and correct the underlying cause.

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6
Q

How would you treat neurogenic shock?

A

Most difficult to treat and often irreversible. Anti-inflammatories are the main treatments.

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7
Q

How would you treat hypovolemic shock?

A

Fluid replacement via saline in minor cases and blood products in severe cases.

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8
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

Pulmonary Embolism

  • blood clot in a blood vessel of the body that travels into the pulmonary circulation
  • most commonly develops in the legs
  • blood flow is blocked through the lungs
  • Very serious medical condition.
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

A
  1. Shortness of breath (symptoms present itself quickly and gets worse with exertion).
  2. Chest pain - feels like a heart attack (patients say), pain is sharp and made worse when breathing deeply.
  3. Cough - may be a productive cough with blood.
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10
Q

What is the outlook / prognosis, types of diagnostic tests and treatment for someone with pulmonary embolism?

A
  1. Life threatening condition.
  2. Prognosis is good with early intervention.
  3. Tests include: chest X-ray, and D-dimer blood work.
  4. Treatments include clot-buster medication and rest.
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11
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes affects they way insulin is utilized or produced depending on the type of diabetes you have. Affects blood sugars negatively.

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12
Q

What is the normal range of blood sugar in a healthy adult?

A

4 - 7 mmol range

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13
Q

What is a common blood test to see blood sugar trends in the past 3 months?

A

A1C

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14
Q

What are the different types of diabetes?

A
  • Pre-Diabetes
  • Type I Diabetes
  • Type II Diabetes
  • Gestational Diabetes
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15
Q

What is pre-diabetes?

A

Person’s blood sugar is higher than it should be, but not high enough for medical intervention by your doctor.

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16
Q

If you have been declared to have pre-diabetes, you are more likely to get what diseases?

A

Type II Diabetes and Heart Disease

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17
Q

What can change the outcome for someone with pre-diabetes?

A

Exercise
Diet changes

Lowers risk of progression to Type II Diabetes.

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18
Q

What is Type I Diabetes?

A

Auto-immune condition. Your own body attacks the pancreas which is involved in making insulin. The body attacks the pancreas with antibodies making it inoperable. Beta cells in pancreas make too little or no insulin.
Note: Also referred to as ‘Insulin Dependent Diabetes’.

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19
Q

What makes someone at risk for Type I Diabetes?

A

Family history for Type I Diabetes.

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20
Q

How does lack of or low insulin affect someone with Type I Diabetes?

A

Insulin would reduce the body’s glucose when there is an excess and signal the body to store the glucose in the liver. With limited insulin, glucose accumulates in the body and creates several health concerns.

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21
Q

What health conditions can arise from excess glucose in someone with Type I or Type II diabetes?

A

Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Higher risk of stroke and heart disease

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22
Q

What treatments are there for Type I diabetes?

A

Injecting insulin into fatty tissue subcutaneously with a) insulin syringes, insulin pens and prefilled cartridges and c) insulin pumps.

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23
Q

What are some other former names for Type II Diabetes?

A

Formerly known as Adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes.

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24
Q

What are some concerning trends regarding Type II Diabetes?

A

Type II is becoming more common in children and teens

90% of individuals with diabetes have Type II.

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25
Q

True or False. With Type II Diabetes an individual’s pancreas is no longer able to produce insulin.

A

False. The pancreas is still producing insulin but it may not be enough for your body or your body simply is not able to use it efficiently.

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26
Q

True or False. Type II Diabetes is milder than Type I

A

True.

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27
Q

What are the risk factors for Type II Diabetes?

A

Obesity - causes insulin resistance, pancreas has to work harder to create the insulin required by your body.
Sedentary Lifestyle

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28
Q

What are some of the treatments for someone with Type II Diabetes?

A
  • Exercise
  • Dietary changes
  • Oral Medication such as Metformin and Invokana
  • In severe case - insulin injections, along with oral medication.
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29
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Pregnancy can cause some form of insulin resistance. If the insulin resistance becomes severe enough it leads to gestational diabetes.
Very important to manage to ensure proper development of baby.

30
Q

True or False. Gestational Diabetes is more of a risk to the mother than the baby. State why.

A

False. GD is more of a risk to the baby.

  1. May lead to abnormal birth weight. Babies tend to be larger than normal making delivery difficult.
  2. Higher risk of developing diabetes later in life.
31
Q

What are the treatments for gestational diabetes?

A

Keeping weight gain in check.
Daily exercise
Dietary changes
Insulin if required.

32
Q

What is cerebral vascular attack (CVA)?

A

Medical term for Stroke

A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is stopped by either a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel.

33
Q

What are the two main types of stroke (aka CVA)?

A

Ischemic

Hemorragic

34
Q

What occurs in a ischemic stroke?

A

Occurs when there is an occlusion of a blood vessel by a blood clot.
Occlusion (or blockage) of the vessel prevents O2 form getting to certain regions of the brain.

35
Q

What are the two main ways an ischemic stroke can form?

A

Embolic Stroke:
A Clot forms somewhere else in your body and
travels through the vessels until it gets lodged in a
brain blood vessel
Thrombotic Stoke:
Occurs when the clot forms directly in the brain
blood vessel

36
Q

What occurs in a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke
Occurs when a blood vessel ruptures or hemorrhages.
When this occurs blood flow is interrupted to a part of the brain.
The hemorrhage may occur in the blood vessel in the brain or in the membrane surrounding the brain.

37
Q

What are signs and symptoms of a cerebral vascular attack (aka stroke)?

A

Difficulty Walking
Dizziness
Loss of Balance and Coordination
Difficulty Speaking
Numbness or Paralysis of the face, leg, or arm, most likely on once side of the body
Blurred or darkened vision
Sudden headaches, especially if accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or dizziness.

38
Q

What is the FAST Mnemonic?

A

Used to recognize the signs and symptoms of a CVA

Face – Does one side of the face droop?
Arm – If a person holds both arms out does one drift downward?
Speech – Is the speech abnormal or slurred?
Time – It’s time to call 911 and get to the hospital if any of these symptoms are present

39
Q

What are the two ways to score severity of a stroke?

A

Stroke Severity:

  • LAMS
  • Cincinnati Stroke Scale
40
Q

Describe the LAMS scorecard.

A

Step 1 - facial droop (score 0 if absent, 1 if present)
Step 2 - arm drift (score 0 if absent, 1 if drifts down, 2 falls rapidly)
Step 3 - Grip sterngth (score 0 if normal, 1 ?? grip, 2 no grip)
Step 4 - Add scores from steps 1-3.
See slide 24 in notes.

41
Q

Describe the Cincinnati Stroke Scale.

A
  1. Assess facial droop - have patient show teeth or smile. Normal if both sides of face move equally or abnormal if not.
  2. Arm drift - have patient close eyes and holds both arms out for 10secs. Normal if both arms move the same or both arms do not move, abnormal if one arm does not move or drifts down compared to the other.
  3. Abnormal Speech. have the patient say |you cant teach an old dog new tricks”
    Normal - patient uses corrects words and no slurring, Abnormal if patient slur words, uses wrong words or is unable to speak.
    INTERPRET: 1 out 3 abnormal –> 72% probability of stroke.
42
Q

What is a seizure?

A

A seizure is a burst of electrical activity between brain cells that causes an abnormality in muscle tone or movements.

43
Q

What abnormal movements/muscle tone can be seen with a seizure?

A

Stiffness, twitching, limpness
Abnormal behavior
Abnormal sensations
Abnormal state of awareness

44
Q

True or False. You have seen one seizure - you have seen them all.

A

False - not all seizures are alike.

45
Q

Ture or False. Seizures always have multiple causes.

A

False - a seizure can be an acute event due to a single cause.

46
Q

What is the condition where a person has reoccurring seizures?

A

Epilepsy

47
Q

What are the two major classes of seizures?

A
  1. Focal

2. Generalized

48
Q

What are focal seizures and note some of their characteristics?

A

Also known as partial seizures.
Start in a single area and may spread across the brain.
Symptoms may be mild or severe
As the seizure spreads across the brain, additional symptoms appear.
Focal seizures can evolve into major events and spread to the entire brain causing tonic-clonic seizures.

49
Q

What are generalize seizures?

A

Generalized Seizures:

Abnormal nerve discharge throughout the cortex of the brain.

50
Q

What are four types of generalize seizures?

A

Absence Seizures
Myoclonic Seizures
Tonic and Atonic Seizures
Tonic, Clonic and Tonic-Clonic Seizures

51
Q

What are some of the treatments for those with seizures?

A

Protecting the patient and removing any hazards from the environment as the patient experiences a seizure. Place the patient into the recovery position if possible.
Protect patient’s airway
Establish an IV if possible
Administer anticonvulsant medication such as Midazolam via IV, IM or IN route.

52
Q

What is syncope?

A

Syncope is the medical term for fainting or passing out.

53
Q

Why does someone faint (experience syncope)?

A

Can occur with a sudden drop in blood pressure, a drop in heart rate or changes in the amount of blood in areas of your body.

54
Q

What happens after someone experiences syncope?

A

If you pass out, you become conscious and alert right away or fairly quickly, however you may feel confused for a bit.

55
Q

What are types of syncope?

A 
Vasovagal Syncope (most common)
Situational Syncope
Postural Syncope
Neurologic Syncope
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardic Syndrome (POTS)
56
Q

What is vasovagal syncope cause by?

A

Caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure, which causes a drop in blood flow to the brain.

57
Q

What is situational syncope cause by?

A 
Type of vasovagal syncope.
Occurs during certain situations that affect the nervous system.
Some situations include: 
Dehydration
Emotional Stress,
Anxiety,
Fear
Pain
58
Q

What is postural syncope cause by?

A

Sudden change in blood pressure due to a quick change in position such as lying down to standing up.
Blood pressure can change by as much as 20mmHg Systolic

59
Q

What is neurologic syncope caused by?

A

Caused by a neurological condition such as seizure, stroke, or TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack)

60
Q

What is Postural Orthostatic Tachycardic Syndrome (POTS) a type of syncope caused by?

A

POTS is caused by a very fast heart rate, also known as tachycardia that happens after a person stands after sitting or lying down.
Heart rate can increase by 30 beats per minute or more.

61
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.

Also known as a myocardial infarction.

62
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

Blockage may be caused by a buildup of fat, cholesterol, or other substances that may form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries).

Sometimes a plaque may break apart and form a clot that blocks blood flow.

63
Q

What are the symptoms of a heart attack?

A

Pressure, tightness, pain or squeezing or aching sensation in your chest or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back.
Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain.
Shortness of breath
Cold sweat
Fatigue
Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness

64
Q

What are the two main types of heart attacks?

A

Two Main Types of Heart Attacks:

STEMI:
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Complete blockage of coronary arteries

NSTEMI:
Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Partial blockage of coronary arteries

65
Q

What is a cardiac arrest? How is it different from a heart attack?

A

Cardiac arrest - heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating unexpectedly. With its pumping action disrupted, the heart cannot pump blood to the brain, lungs and other organs.

In a heart attack the heart is still beating. A heart attack is a blood circulation problem whereas a cardiac arrest is an electrical problem.

66
Q

True or False. You can know exactly when someone is going to have a cardiac arrest.

A

False, cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and unexpectedly.

67
Q

What triggers a cardiac arrest?

A

Triggered by an electrical malfunction that causes an irregular heart beat, also known as an arrhythmia.

68
Q

How are cardiac arrest and heart attacks related?

A

A heart attack increases the risk for sudden cardiac arrests.

69
Q

What are some other conditions that may contribute to cardiac arrest?

A

Cardiomyopathy,
Heart failure,
Arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation, and
Long Q-T syndrome

70
Q

What kind of intervention is important for cardiac arrest?

A 
EARLY intervention (cardiac arrest is often reversible if treated within minutes).
AED and CPR to be used immediately if possible.

Foundations in Health Care 1 (6 decks)

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