Medical Conditions Flashcards
Describe the clinical presentations of bronchopneumonia in an X-ray film
Small nodular opacities that are patchy. The distribution is often bilateral and asymmetrical, and are often at the base of the lungs.
What are the differences between transudate and exudate?
Transudate has low protein content (<30g/L) and is usually caused by congestive cardiac failure. Most commonly right-sided.
Exudates has high protein content (>30g/L) and is most often caused by infections, particularly tuberculosis and malignancy.
Massive pleural effusion can be caused by?
Malignancy, Tuberculosis or haemothorax
What is casaeting granulomas indicative of?
Tuberculosis
What is pleural effusion and what is pneumothorax?
Pleural effusion occurs when fluid enters the pleural space.
Pneumothorax occurs when air escapes into the pleural cavity.
What is a large pneumothorax defined as in accordance to the British Thoracic Society’s guidelines?
A large pneumothorax is defined as being greater than 2cm width at the level of the hilum.
What is primary or spontaneous pneumothorax?
A pneumothorax that arise spontaneously without underlying lung disease
In which conditions does the trachea deviate away from the affected side?
In tension Pneumothorax and in large effusions
In which conditions does the trachea deviate towards the affected side?
In the case of collapsed lungs and fibrotic contractions.
Is the left or right hila more superior?
The left hilum is slightly more superior than the right
What are the 2 reasons for large, dense hila?
Could be due to vascular engorgement, or enlarged hilar lymph nodes (which can be an inflammation or malignant)
What does Atelectasis means?
It refers to diminished volume affecting all or part of the lungs
What is ARDS?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
What is empyema?
Pleural empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria.
What are the 2 types of respiratory failure? Describe.
Type I Respiratory failure, in which there is 1 thing to worry about: hypoxemia. Examples of type 1 respiratory failure are cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and pulmonary haemorrhage.
Type II Respiratory Failure, in which there are 2 things to worry about: hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
What are the causes of Type II Respiratory Failure?
Severe respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD.
Neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne’s and Myasthenia Gravis.
Chest deformities
Drug overdose such as opioid overdose leading to CNS depression
What medication is used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose? Give dosage and route of administration
Naloxone, given IV, SC or IM.
For adults, initially 400 microgram, then 800 microgram for up to 2 doses at 1 min interval
What are the common antibiotics given for chest infections?
Amoxicillin and Doxycycline
Which medication is for short term symptomatic relief of asthma and which is given as a maintenance dose for the prevention of asthma?
Salbutamol is for symptomatic relief.
Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) used in the maintenance and prevention of asthma symptoms.
