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Committee 2 > Medical Biology > Flashcards

Medical Biology Flashcards

1
Q

unit of heredity

A

Gene

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2
Q

Carry the genetic information

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Threadlike structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A

Chromosome

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4
Q

Become visible as the cells begin to divide

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

unit of heredity

A

Gene

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6
Q

Transferred from a parent to offspring
-) Determines some characteristic of the offspring

A

Genes

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7
Q

consist of proteins and nucleotides

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

Which is the carrier of the genetic information
on a chromosome?

A

DNA (ATCG)

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9
Q

Lethal streptococcus pneumonia

A

S - with capsule- smooth

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10
Q

Non lethal streptococcus pneumonia

A

R- rough- no capsule

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11
Q

Heated s pneumonia

A

Not lethal

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12
Q

Living R strain + heat killed S strain

A

permanently converted R form to S

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13
Q

The molecule that carries the heritable information

A

DNA

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14
Q

Scientists were still not convinced

A

Caused by some trace protein contaminant in the
preparations.
The extract might contain a mutagen that alters the
genetic material of the harmless bacteria

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15
Q

T2 Virus contains proteins and DNA and infection with
this virus kills the bacteria E.Coli

A

The virus injects its genetic material into the bacteria which produces new virus particles and destroys the bacteria
The rest of the virus particle stays attached to the outside of the cell

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16
Q

Using radioactive labels allows us to distinguish

A

proteins
from DNA

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17
Q

DNA labeled with

A

32 P

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18
Q

Protein labeled with

A

35 S

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19
Q

Radioactive labeled DNA but not protein is detected in
the bacteria

A

The radioactive DNA entered the bacterial cells, while the radioactive proteins remained outside with the empty virus heads.
They found that the radioactive DNA was also incorporated into the next generation of virus particles.

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20
Q

the agent of heredity

A

DNA

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21
Q

Conclusion

A

This demonstrated conclusively that viral DNA enters bacterial host cells,
whereas viral protein does not.
The genetic material in this virus had to be made of DNA.
This demonstrated conclusively that viral DNA enters bacterial host cells,
whereas viral protein does not.
The genetic material in this virus had to be made of DNA.
Together with the studies about pneumococcus this evidence showed that
DNA is the agent of heredity.

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22
Q

X-ray analysis showed that DNA was a

A

Double helix

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23
Q

Watson and Crick

A

put the pieces together and deciphered
the structure of DNA

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24
Q

four nucleotide building blocks and
consists of Two Complementary Chains of
Nucleotides

A

Dna

25
Q

Each nucleotide

A

composed of a sugar-phosphate covalently linked to a base

26
Q

DNA nucleotide chained by

A

Poly nucleotide chains

27
Q

DNA backbone

A

sugarphosphate backbone from which the bases (C, G, A and T) extend

28
Q

Sugarphosphate backbone

A

Negatively charged

29
Q

Purine 2 cyclo

A

Adenine guanine

30
Q

Pyrimidine 1 cyclo

A

Uracyl cytosine thymine

31
Q

Sugarphosphate bond to base

A

Covalent

32
Q

This molecule is composed of two polynucleotide chains (DNA strands)
held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases

A

Dna

33
Q

The arrows on the DNa strands

A

indicate the polarities of the two strands,
which run antiparallel to each other in the DNa molecule.

34
Q

Conclusion

A

The two polynucleotide chains in the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen-bonding between the bases
on the different strands.
-) All the bases are therefore on the inside of the double helix, with the sugar–phosphate backbones on the outside.
-) The bases do not pair at random, however: A always pairs with T, and G always pairs with C.
-) In each case, a bulkier two-ring base (a purine) is paired with a single-ring base (a pyrimidine).

35
Q

Each purine– pyrimidine pair is called a

A

Base pair

36
Q

Conclusion

A

Each purine– pyrimidine pair is called a base pair,
-> This complementary base-pairing enables the base pairs to be packed in energetically most favorable arrangement
-> In this arrangement, each base pair has a similar width
-> Thus holding the sugar–phosphate backbones an equal distance apart along the DNA molecule.
-> Because the two strands of the helix run antiparallel to each other
-> The members of each base pair can fit together within the double helix

37
Q

Conclusion

A

The antiparallel sugar–phosphate strands then twist around each other to form a double helix
-> Contains 10 base pairs per helical turn.
-> This twisting also contributes to the energetically favorable conformation of the DNA double helix.
-> The coiling of the two strands around each other creates two grooves in the double helix.
-> the wider groove is called the major groove and the smaller one the minor groove.

38
Q

Conclusion

A

A consequence of the base-pairing requirements is that each strand of a DNA double helix contains a sequence of
nucleotides that is exactly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of its partner strand
-> an A always matches a T on the opposite strand
-> a C always matches a G on the opposite strand
This complementarity is of crucial importance when it comes to both copying and repairing the DNA.

39
Q

nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed into

A

nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule

40
Q

in most cases, the RNA molecule is then translated into

A

amino acid sequence of a protein.

41
Q

The DNA code (sequences of A, C, T, G) of genes

A

contains
the instructions for producing proteins

42
Q

In eukaryotic cells, very long double-stranded DNA
molecules are packaged into

A

Chromosomes

43
Q

Chromosomes can be ordered according to

A

Size
-) Stainings via DNA hybridization using fluorescently tagged DNA molecules that recognize specific Chromosomes
-) Staining methods using dyes that distinguish AT- rich from CG-rich regions and result in reproductive band patterns

44
Q

n ordered display of the full set of 46 human chromosomes

A

Human karyotypes

45
Q

Karyotypes

A

Karyotypes can be analysed to detect Chromosome abnormalities
-> These abnormalities can be associated with inherited defects or certain types of Cancer

46
Q

Defects in X chromosome results in

A

Fragile X
syndrome and mental retardation

47
Q

All cells have two copies of each chromosome, except

A

Some highly specialized cells have no chromosomes (mature red blood cells)
-) germ cells (eggs and sperm) have one copy

48
Q

Each copy is inherited from one parent, maternal and paternal chromosomes of a pair are called homologous chromosome except:

A

Non- homologous sex chromosomes in the male (Y chromosome and X chromosome)

49
Q

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a certain protein or RNA molecule

A

Gene

50
Q

genes are encoded by the coding strand in the alpha helix

A

which is one of the both strands of the alpha helix

51
Q

When genes are assigned to chromosomal regions they contain both the

A

coding strand and its reverse complement

52
Q

the total genetic information that is
carried by all Chromosomes in a cell

A

Genome

53
Q

The DNA on the chromosomes contains

A

Genes
-) Specific nucleotide sequences required for normal gene expression
-) Large excess of interspersed DNA. This extra DNA is sometimes called “junk DNA” -> Function is not known

54
Q

A functional Chromosome carry genes and must be
able to be replicated itself.

A

Cell Cycle

55
Q

Duplication and segregation of chromosomes
occurs through an ordered cell cycle in
proliferating cells

A

Interphase=> M phase=> interphase

56
Q

Where replication of the DNA begins
-> Many replication origins are present

A

Replication origin

57
Q

Telomeres

A

At each of the two ends of a chromosome.
-> Where chromosome duplication ends
-> Cap the ends for protection

58
Q

Allows separation of duplicated Chr during M phase

A

Centromere

59
Q

During interphase, the chromosomes are long, thin threads of DNA and cannot be easily distinguished in the

A

Light microscope

Committee 2 (1 decks)

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