Medical Anthro Test 1 Flashcards
Diffusionism
1800-1910. Can trace anything back to its root (point of origin) and watch it diffuse across the globe. Medicine is simply a social process and must be studied like any other. (Flags on a map). Theme: culture change. Non-Western Med: Traceable traits- Skull measuring
Functionalism
1920’s. Analyzes the contribution that each social institution makes to the continuation of the social system. Society like a body- each part must function in order to make the whole work. Began transition from arm chair to field work. Theme: Mechanical efficiency. Non Western Med: Adaptive in context.
prevalence
Measure of burden of disease. Proportional Measurement. Proportion of the population, at a certain time, that are afflicted with a condition. Prevalence /Population
incidence
Measure of development. # of NEW cases reported during a certain period of time. Way to get a measure on a populations interaction with a condition.
epidemic
No prior experience with the disease Ex. SARS, small pox (native americans)
age specific mortality/Infant Mortality
numb of deaths of bebes
endemic
Diseases that have become part of the normal epidemiological profile Ex: Flu
pathogenicity
- once in you does that pathogen make you sick - ability to make you sick
infectivity
- how easily pathogen is able to get into you
virulence
- how bad is the disease/illness once it gets in you
chronic diseases
are illnesses that are prolonged, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely curred completely
somatic
physical or corpreal part of an organism
genotypic/phenotypic
Genotypic: Gene
Phenotypic: How it is explained- depends on the gene but may express physically different
Ex: Sickle Cell anemia- homogenic- get sickle cell anemia, heterogenic- adaptation for malaria
Ex: High altitude- 2 brothers- same gene pool. One born at altitude- one not. One will have barrell chest/big lung capacity. Other not born at altitude- will not have. Physical differences: phenotypic differences.
homozygous
bearing two identical alleles at a genetic locus
heterozygous
bearing two different alleles at a genetic locus
SARS
A virulently infectious disease originating in China in 2002, caused by a corona virus.
Emerging Diseases
After the second transition. Humans exploring new areas- new diseases are the result). Ex: Lyme disease, SARS, ebola.
Functionalism
1920’s. Analyzes the contribution that each social institution makes to the continuation of the social system. Began transition from arm chair to field work. Society like a body- each part must function in order to make the whole work.
Interpretive (aka ethnomedical)
Focuses on the meanings that human groups attribute to experiences (ex. Sickness) Meaning over reason. Ex. Meaning of heart vs. liver- experience of transplant recipient. Derived from Cultural Anthropology. How you define what is normal and what is not = culturally specific. Culture is the lens through which we view our bodies. Research: Is threshold of pain the same in every country? Idiom of illness based on cultural assumptions about what makes you sick. Must understand- biomedical approach and cultural understanding. Ex: Leprosy- diff experience in diff parts of the world.
Critical (aka political-economy)
stresses the importace of political and economic structures, especially global capitalism, on the health of human populations.
Sees biomedicine as a mechanism of capitalist state. Biomedicine is a ststem that perpetuates a certain type of political system through overy and covery oppression/ coersion.
Dano
“harm”- caused by sorcery.
Kuru
Interpretive model.
Genetic Adaptation
Generational.
Development Adaptation
Life long.
Cultural Adaptation
Culturally specific.
Cholera
1990’s Peru. Increased # ppl at beach in hot months + bad sanitation structure + plankton blooming + consumption of ceviche + untreated sewage dumped into the ocean from internation ships. Peru in financial crises- cutting social services- less nutrition/health care- critical scholars.
Interpretive (Basic)
How human communities make sense of the experience of disease. Theme: Meaning Systems. Non western med: Symbolic
Ecological (Basic)
Looks both from the point of view of the human and the pathogen- to see dynamic interplay.
Critical Scholars critique of Ecological Scholars
Ecological scholars not paying attention to political factors
SARS
Emerging Disease
Lyme Disease
Emerging Disease
HIV/AIDS
Emerging Disease- humans moving into forests where animals had the disease
Evolutionary Biology (Synthetic Theory of Evolution)
Reclaiming evolution. Synthesis of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian selection into a modern theory of evolutionary change.
Ecological Perspective
Analyzes the adaptive relationship between human groups and the biotic/nonbiotic environments that they inhabit
Leprosy
Hawaii, India, Lousiana
Epidemiological Transition (Including the revised model)
Original: transition has been from acute to chronic diseases, linear progression. Acute diseases seen in poor countries- chronic in rich countries.
Critique (made by anthropologists- Barrett): No linear quality, no clear cut- pre vs. post transition. Instead- there are pockets of rich countries where acute diseases still dominate. Re-emerging and Emerging diseases also an issue.
Revised Model: Study transition all the way back- 2 major transitions. #1: Hunter Gatherer to Agriculturalist: pop increased, zoonotic diseases increased ,bad sanitation, food contamination, food storage led to food rot #2: Farm to factory (modern cities): less acute diseases but more chronic diseases (safer jobs, better infrastrucutre, improved medical centers/discoveries, better sanitation) - transition only happened for first world.
Disease of Civilization
a
Comorbidity
two or more coexisting medical conditions or disease processes that are additional to an initial diagnosis
Cultural Ecology
studies the relationship between a given society and its natural environment as well as the life-forms and ecosystems that support its lifeways
Explanatory Models
Arthur Kleinman: Response and interpertation of disease is culturally based
Ex: Reaction in Hawaii vs. India to Leprosy
Culture Bound Syndromes
combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.
Global Disease Ecology
Diseases/Illness that effect people world wide. Product of mass tranportation of goods and peoples.
Ex: salmonella/SARS
Global Germ Governance
Global response to a disease. Ex: WHO limiting travel during the SARS epidemic.
Long Term Adaptation
Ex: adaptation to sickle cell anemia.
Short Term Adaptation
Ex: Chicken Pox- after you have had it once you do not get it again.
ERT
Estrogen Replacement Therapy
TRT
Testosterone replacement therapy? Despite dangers- prescriptions on the rise. Reason: as men age harder to have an erection- weight gain.
MDRTB
Multi drug resistant tuberculosis. Occurs when the wrong med prescribed or full course of meds not taken- must take meds for very lengthy amount of time.
DOTS
Directly observed therapy.
ORT
Oral Rehydration Therapy-
-Used after diarrhea to rehydrat
-inexpensive method that that contributed to lower loss of life during last two cholera pandemics.
(Cultural adaptation to cholera.)
DDT
Stopped spread of Malaria- used too liberally: dangerous- used sparingly: highly effective
Malaria
In Africa: Irrigation systems created a new enviroment for anofalese mosquitos. Climate- hot, population- dense. Re-emerging disease- with Global Warming endemic malarial zones will go northward.
Sicke- Cell Anemia
a
Morbidity
of cases of a disease per population over a period of time (total #)
Mortality:
of deaths
Re-Emerging Diseaes
Ex: TB
Reason: Long tratment period- people do not complete medicine = resistant strain of TB
Case Fatality Ratio
- Total deaths from 1 disease
- of those diagnosed with a condition- how many died
