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Medical Anthropology Test 1 > Medical Anthro Test 1 > Flashcards

Medical Anthro Test 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Diffusionism

A

1800-1910. Can trace anything back to its root (point of origin) and watch it diffuse across the globe. Medicine is simply a social process and must be studied like any other. (Flags on a map). Theme: culture change. Non-Western Med: Traceable traits- Skull measuring

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

1920’s. Analyzes the contribution that each social institution makes to the continuation of the social system. Society like a body- each part must function in order to make the whole work. Began transition from arm chair to field work. Theme: Mechanical efficiency. Non Western Med: Adaptive in context.

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3
Q

prevalence

A

Measure of burden of disease. Proportional Measurement. Proportion of the population, at a certain time, that are afflicted with a condition. Prevalence /Population

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4
Q

incidence

A

Measure of development. # of NEW cases reported during a certain period of time. Way to get a measure on a populations interaction with a condition.

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6
Q

epidemic

A

No prior experience with the disease Ex. SARS, small pox (native americans)

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7
Q

age specific mortality/Infant Mortality

A

numb of deaths of bebes

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7
Q

endemic

A

Diseases that have become part of the normal epidemiological profile Ex: Flu

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9
Q

pathogenicity

A
  1. once in you does that pathogen make you sick - ability to make you sick
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10
Q

infectivity

A
  1. how easily pathogen is able to get into you
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11
Q

virulence

A
  1. how bad is the disease/illness once it gets in you
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12
Q

chronic diseases

A

are illnesses that are prolonged, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely curred completely

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13
Q

somatic

A

physical or corpreal part of an organism

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14
Q

genotypic/phenotypic

A

Genotypic: Gene

Phenotypic: How it is explained- depends on the gene but may express physically different

Ex: Sickle Cell anemia- homogenic- get sickle cell anemia, heterogenic- adaptation for malaria

Ex: High altitude- 2 brothers- same gene pool. One born at altitude- one not. One will have barrell chest/big lung capacity. Other not born at altitude- will not have. Physical differences: phenotypic differences.

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15
Q

homozygous

A

bearing two identical alleles at a genetic locus

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15
Q

heterozygous

A

bearing two different alleles at a genetic locus

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16
Q

SARS

A

A virulently infectious disease originating in China in 2002, caused by a corona virus.

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18
Q

Emerging Diseases

A

After the second transition. Humans exploring new areas- new diseases are the result). Ex: Lyme disease, SARS, ebola.

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19
Q

Functionalism

A

1920’s. Analyzes the contribution that each social institution makes to the continuation of the social system. Began transition from arm chair to field work. Society like a body- each part must function in order to make the whole work.

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20
Q

Interpretive (aka ethnomedical)

A

Focuses on the meanings that human groups attribute to experiences (ex. Sickness) Meaning over reason. Ex. Meaning of heart vs. liver- experience of transplant recipient. Derived from Cultural Anthropology. How you define what is normal and what is not = culturally specific. Culture is the lens through which we view our bodies. Research: Is threshold of pain the same in every country? Idiom of illness based on cultural assumptions about what makes you sick. Must understand- biomedical approach and cultural understanding. Ex: Leprosy- diff experience in diff parts of the world.

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20
Q

Critical (aka political-economy)

A

stresses the importace of political and economic structures, especially global capitalism, on the health of human populations.

Sees biomedicine as a mechanism of capitalist state. Biomedicine is a ststem that perpetuates a certain type of political system through overy and covery oppression/ coersion.

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53
Q

Dano

A

“harm”- caused by sorcery.

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54
Q

Kuru

A

Interpretive model.

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55
Q

Genetic Adaptation

A

Generational.

56
Q

Development Adaptation

A

Life long.

57
Q

Cultural Adaptation

A

Culturally specific.

58
Q

Cholera

A

1990’s Peru. Increased # ppl at beach in hot months + bad sanitation structure + plankton blooming + consumption of ceviche + untreated sewage dumped into the ocean from internation ships. Peru in financial crises- cutting social services- less nutrition/health care- critical scholars.

59
Q

Interpretive (Basic)

A

How human communities make sense of the experience of disease. Theme: Meaning Systems. Non western med: Symbolic

60
Q

Ecological (Basic)

A

Looks both from the point of view of the human and the pathogen- to see dynamic interplay.

61
Q

Critical Scholars critique of Ecological Scholars

A

Ecological scholars not paying attention to political factors

62
Q

SARS

A

Emerging Disease

63
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Emerging Disease

64
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Emerging Disease- humans moving into forests where animals had the disease

65
Q

Evolutionary Biology (Synthetic Theory of Evolution)

A

Reclaiming evolution. Synthesis of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian selection into a modern theory of evolutionary change.

66
Q

Ecological Perspective

A

Analyzes the adaptive relationship between human groups and the biotic/nonbiotic environments that they inhabit

67
Q

Leprosy

A

Hawaii, India, Lousiana

68
Q

Epidemiological Transition (Including the revised model)

A

Original: transition has been from acute to chronic diseases, linear progression. Acute diseases seen in poor countries- chronic in rich countries.

Critique (made by anthropologists- Barrett): No linear quality, no clear cut- pre vs. post transition. Instead- there are pockets of rich countries where acute diseases still dominate. Re-emerging and Emerging diseases also an issue.

Revised Model: Study transition all the way back- 2 major transitions. #1: Hunter Gatherer to Agriculturalist: pop increased, zoonotic diseases increased ,bad sanitation, food contamination, food storage led to food rot #2: Farm to factory (modern cities): less acute diseases but more chronic diseases (safer jobs, better infrastrucutre, improved medical centers/discoveries, better sanitation) - transition only happened for first world.

69
Q

Disease of Civilization

A

a

70
Q

Comorbidity

A

two or more coexisting medical conditions or disease processes that are additional to an initial diagnosis

71
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

studies the relationship between a given society and its natural environment as well as the life-forms and ecosystems that support its lifeways

72
Q

Explanatory Models

A

Arthur Kleinman: Response and interpertation of disease is culturally based

Ex: Reaction in Hawaii vs. India to Leprosy

73
Q

Culture Bound Syndromes

A

combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.

74
Q

Global Disease Ecology

A

Diseases/Illness that effect people world wide. Product of mass tranportation of goods and peoples.

Ex: salmonella/SARS

75
Q

Global Germ Governance

A

Global response to a disease. Ex: WHO limiting travel during the SARS epidemic.

76
Q

Long Term Adaptation

A

Ex: adaptation to sickle cell anemia.

77
Q

Short Term Adaptation

A

Ex: Chicken Pox- after you have had it once you do not get it again.

78
Q

ERT

A

Estrogen Replacement Therapy

79
Q

TRT

A

Testosterone replacement therapy? Despite dangers- prescriptions on the rise. Reason: as men age harder to have an erection- weight gain.

80
Q

MDRTB

A

Multi drug resistant tuberculosis. Occurs when the wrong med prescribed or full course of meds not taken- must take meds for very lengthy amount of time.

81
Q

DOTS

A

Directly observed therapy.

82
Q

ORT

A

Oral Rehydration Therapy-
-Used after diarrhea to rehydrat

-inexpensive method that that contributed to lower loss of life during last two cholera pandemics.

(Cultural adaptation to cholera.)

83
Q

DDT

A

Stopped spread of Malaria- used too liberally: dangerous- used sparingly: highly effective

84
Q

Malaria

A

In Africa: Irrigation systems created a new enviroment for anofalese mosquitos. Climate- hot, population- dense. Re-emerging disease- with Global Warming endemic malarial zones will go northward.

85
Q

Sicke- Cell Anemia

A

a

86
Q

Morbidity

A

of cases of a disease per population over a period of time (total #)

87
Q

Mortality:

A

of deaths

88
Q

Re-Emerging Diseaes

A

Ex: TB

Reason: Long tratment period- people do not complete medicine = resistant strain of TB

89
Q

Case Fatality Ratio

A
  • Total deaths from 1 disease
  • of those diagnosed with a condition- how many died

Medical Anthropology Test 1 (2 decks)

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