Medical

Question 1

What is the definition of anaphylaxis?

Answer 1

A severe life threatening systemic allergic reaction characterised by 2 or more of respiratory problems, abdominal symptoms, skin symptoms, and hypotension/ altered conscious state.

Question 2

What is the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis?

Answer 2

Body is exposed to an antigen which triggers an immune response. This leads to mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators like histamine and neutrophils. Peripheral vasodilation and increased cap permeability occurs leading to a angeodema, urticaria rash, hypotension and decreased venous return. GIT smooth muscle contraction leads to Nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhoea. Bronchspasm leads to expiratory wheeze.

Question 3

What is the definition of diabetes?

Answer 3

Diabetes is a disease where the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin to suppressed leading to hyperglycaemia.

Question 4

What is the patho of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 4

Beta cells in the pancreas are damaged leading to a reduction of insulin production.

Question 5

What is the definition and patho of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 5

Type 2 diabetes is caused by a resistance to insulin. This resistance makes it difficult for glucose to enter the cells and provide energy.

Question 6

What happens normally with insulin and glucose?

Answer 6

Pancreas produces insulin. Insulin binds to the body’s cells which open up portals to allow glucose to enter the cell. Glucose is then converted into energy.

Question 7

What is the definition of and the patho of DKA?

Answer 7

An acute life threatening complication of type 1 diabetes characterised by dehydration, hyperglycaemia, and acidosis.

1. Lack of insulin production leads to body’s inability to utilise glucose in blood.
2. Liver converts glycogen to glucose in attempt to supply glucose to cells.
3. Body enters starvation state leading to body’s use of ketoacids for energy. ( acidosis)
4. Increase levels of glucose in blood lead to high amounts of glucose in urine.
5. This leads to osmotic diuresis leading to increased urination and severe dehydration.

Question 8

What are the signs and symptoms of DKA?

Answer 8

1. Hyperglycaemia
2. Severe Dehydration
3. Kussmauls resps
4. Fruity breath
5. Lethargy

Question 9

What is the definition of a seizure and what are the two main types?

Answer 9

Sudden and uncontrolled surge of electrical activity in the brain. Split into two major groups: generalised and partial.

Question 10

What are the 6 types of generalised seizure?

Answer 10

1. Tonic clinic
2. Myoclonic
3. Tonic
4. Clinic
5. Atonic
6. Absence

Question 11

What are the types of partial seizure?

Answer 11

Simple: pt maintains awareness

Complex: pt awareness is impaired.

Question 12

What is the difference between a seizure and a convulsion?

Answer 12

Seizure is due to electrical activity in the brain and convulsions are involuntary movements in the body.

Question 13

What are some causes of seizure?

Answer 13

Can adapt AEIOUTIPS. Acidosis, epilepsy/environment, infection, overdose/ oxygen, underdose, trauma/ Tumour, insulin ( hypo/hyperglycaemia) , poisoning, stroke/ shock.

Question 14

What is the pathophysiology of sepsis?

Answer 14

A bacterial infection in the body leads to a systemic inflammatory response. This causes vasodilation and increase capillary permiabilty which leads to hypotension and tachycardia. Decreased perfusion to vital organs can lead to multi organ failure and death.