medic patho

Question 1

Patho

Answer 1

suffering

Question 2

Physio

Answer 2

Nature, origin

Question 3

-ology

Answer 3

study of

Question 4

communication within the body

Answer 4

Cellular lvl

chemical lvl

Question 5

Negative feedback

Answer 5

“off” switch, inhibits the original stimulus. usually good

Question 6

Positive feedback

Answer 6

intensifies signal, enhances the original stimuli. can be bad

Question 7

adaption

Answer 7

cells exposed to adverse conditions will protect themselves from injury

Question 8

atrophy

Answer 8

decrease in cell size

Question 9

hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase in cell size

Question 10

hyperplasia

Answer 10

increase in number of specific cells (cell division)

Question 11

dysplasia

Answer 11

change in size, shape, organization

Question 12

metaplasia

Answer 12

change type of cell

Question 13

hypoxemia

Answer 13

most common cause of cell injury

Question 14

most common cause of hypoxemia

Answer 14

low 02 in air
loss of hemoglobin
down number of RBC
respiratory or cardio DZ

Question 15

ischemia

Answer 15

reversible

Question 16

irreversible

Answer 16

necrosis

Question 17

chemical injuries

Answer 17

poison- cyanide, pesticides
lead- brain injury
carbon monoxide- hemoglobin affinity 200x than 02
pharmacologic agent- drugs

Question 18

virulence (toxicity)

Answer 18

measures potential of microorganism to cause DZ
invades and destroys cells
produces toxins
immunosuppressed- less able to defend

Question 19

bacteria

Answer 19

normal flora,
prokaryotic (no organized nucleus),
 capsule-protects
rely on host - environment, nutrition
gram + blue
gram- red (most)
antibiotics
septicemia- sepsis, gram -

Question 20

exotoxin

Answer 20

gram neg and gram pos
released from inside cell during growth
many types of exotoxins
heat labile
specific effects on host
vaccines
highly poisonous/ toxic  
(not common in people)

Question 21

endotoxin

Answer 21

gram neg only
integral part of cell wall, released during lysis 
one type endotoxin
heat stable
diverse effects on host
no vaccine
pyrogenic/ inflammation 
primary cause of sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, ARDS

Question 22

Virus

Answer 22

most common in humans
smaller, more adept than bacteria
Capsid- enclosed genetic material
replication occurs inside host cell; hides inside, from body’s defense.
no endo or exo toxins
evoke immune response; memory of virus, defense against future attacks.
host cell must die w/ virus
antiviral Rx; tgt infected cells, few available, tamiflu, relenza
vaccines; live, dead, or antigens
mutate

Question 23

infectious

Answer 23

fungi- yeast, molds on skin, mucous membranes
protozoa- malaria
parasites- endoparasites- tape worms, pinworms, ringsworms; ectoparasites- ticks, lices, fleas
prions- protein-brain&nervous system; transmissible spongiform encephalophy (mad cow DZ); Creutzfeldt Jakob in humans (mad cow in people)

Question 24

apoptosis

Answer 24

cant live forever
normal cell death
genetically programed into cell
aging, early development, menses, lactating breast tissue, thymus involution, and RBC turnover 
damaged cell- autolysis

Question 25

Abnormal cell death

Answer 25

necrosis
irreversible cell injury
always from pathological cause
gangrene
dry- shrivels, dries, brown or black
wet-tissue liquefied 
gas- clostridium perfringens: food born, bubbles inside cells RBC, tissue gas in dead person

Question 26

3 lines of defense

Answer 26

• anatomical barriers
• immune response
• inflammation responce

Question 27

anatomical barriers

Answer 27

skin
hair
chemical; nose, lining of lower respiratory tract (cilia), acid in stomach

Question 28

Immune response

Answer 28

response to foreign invaders
slow onset, specific
long term immunity
lymphocyte (WBC)

Question 29

inflammatory response

Answer 29

response to tissue to irritation and injury
rapid onset, general response
lasts only as long as needed
several kinds of cells involved

Question 30

immunity types

Answer 30

natural
acquired
antigen
immunogen

Question 31

natural

Answer 31

genetic
immediate response against pathogens
species specific

Question 32

acquired

Answer 32

active- tgt invader after exposure

passive- mom to child

Question 33

antigen

Answer 33

protein on cell
self or non self?
does it “belong” to you?
( allergic reaction kicks in, tachyphylaxis)

Question 34

immunogen

Answer 34

antigen that activates the immune response

Question 35

antibody (immunoglobulins)

Answer 35

binds w/ antigen to destroy it
induces an allergic or inflammatory response 
T-lymphocytes-thymus
B-lymphocytes- bone marrow
(both live in lymph nodes)
exposure antigen
chemotaxis

Question 36

T-lymphocytes

Answer 36

direct attack on invader
cell mediated response
cell to cell combat

Question 37

immune response - slow

Answer 37

B-lymphocytes
antigen/ antibody specific
no memory of antigen- B cells created w/ memory
humoral response- B cells live in body fluid (plasma)

Question 38

ABO blood groups

Answer 38

blood type= antigen present in RBC
antibody= opposite of antigen present (present in plasma)
universal donor= O-
universal recipient= AB+
Rh factor; Pos (+) have antigen, Neg (-) does not

Question 39

Transfusion reactions s/s

Answer 39

RBC ANTIGEN
headache
alt LOC
N/V
facial flushing
dyspena
tachy- weak thready
fever, chills
chest pain
cynpsos

Question 40

Transfusion TX

Answer 40

stop transfusion
prime IV line-IV boluses NS
( may need to do Epi IV, diphehydramine 25-50mg, furosemide diuresis, doapmine 2-5 mcg/kg/min

Question 41

ABO compatibility

Answer 41

don’t give an antigen to someone who doesn’t need already own it.
type O has no antigen to give
type AB+ owns all antigen
antibodies present in the plasma