Mediators of Inflammation

Question 1

Classification, Source, and Action of Histamine:

Answer 1

Classification: cell-derived
Source: Mast cells (and basophils, platelets)
Action: Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

Question 2

Classification of Prostaglandins:

Answer 2

Classification: Arachodonic Acid metabolites called eicosanoids

Question 3

Source and Action of PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2:

Answer 3

Source: Mast cells, leukocytes
Action: Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, pain, fever

Question 4

Source and Action of Thromboxane A2:

Answer 4

Source: Platelets
Action: Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation

Question 5

Classification, Source, and Action of Leukotrienes:

Answer 5

Classification: AA metabolite
Source: mast cells, leukocytes
Action: increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion, activation

Question 6

Classification, Source, and Action of TNF:

Answer 6

Classification: cell-derived
Source: macrophages, DC, mast cell, T lymphocytes
Action: activates endothelium by increasing adhesion molecules, secretion of other cytokines/chemokines; systemic effects. ACUTE inflammation

Question 7

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-1:

Answer 7

Classification: cell derived
Source: macrophages, DC, mast cells, T lymphocytes
Action: similar to TNF, also stimulates formation of Th17 so it makes IL-17. ACUTE inflammation

Question 8

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-6:

Answer 8

Classification: cell derived
Source: macrophages, other cells
Action: system effects (acute phase response). ACUTE inflammation

Question 9

Classification, Source, and Action of Chemokine:

Answer 9

Classification: cell derived
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, mast cells, other cell types
Action: recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation; migration of cells in normal tissues. ACUTE inflammation

Question 10

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-17:

Answer 10

Classification: cell derived
Source: T lymphocytes
Action: recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. ACUTE and CHRONIC inflammation

Question 11

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-12:

Answer 11

Classification: cell derived
Source: DC, macrophages
Action: increased production of IFN-y. CHRONIC inflammation

Question 12

Classification, Source, and Action of IFN-y:

Answer 12

Classification: cell derived
Source: T lymphocytes, NK cells
Action: activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells). CHRONIC inflammation

Question 13

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-4:

Answer 13

Classification: cell derived
Source: T lymphocytes
Action: activates macrophages (alternative pathway to promote repair) and eosinophils. CHRONIC inflammation

Question 14

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-13:

Answer 14

Classification: cell derived
Source: T lymphocytes
Action: activates macrophages (alternative pathway to promote repair) and eosinophils. CHRONIC inflammation

Question 15

Classification, Source, and Action of IL-10:

Answer 15

Classification: cell derived
Source: macrophages
Action: down regulate inflammation (negative feedback). ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

Question 16

Classification, Source, and Action of TGF-B:

Answer 16

Classification: cell derived
Source: macrophages
Action: down regulate inflammation (negative feedback). ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

Question 17

Classification, Source, and Action of Complement:

Answer 17

Classification: plasma derived
Source: produced in liver

Question 18

What are the complement proteins actions?

Answer 18

C5a: leukocyte chemotaxis
C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins: mast cell degranulation
C3b: opsonin for phagocytosis
C5b, C6-C9: direct cell lysis through membrane attack complex

Question 19

Classification, Source, and Action of Kinins:

Answer 19

Classification: plasma derived
Source: produced in liver, activated by Hageman Factor XII leading to production of bradykinin
Action: increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain

Question 21

Classification, Source, and Action of NO:

Answer 21

Classification: cell derived free radical
Source: multiple cells
Action: vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle

Question 21

What are primary mediators of

Question 22

What are primary mediators of

Question 23

What are primary mediates of

Question 24

What are primary mediates of

Question 25

What are primary mediators of vasodilation?

Answer 25

• histamine
• prostaglandins

Question 26

What are primary mediators of increased vascular permeability?

Answer 26

• histamine
• C3a, C5a (from mast cells)
• leukotrienes

Question 27

What are primary mediators of chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment, and activation?

Answer 27

• TNF, IL-1
• chemokine
• C3a, C5a
• leukotrienes

Question 28

What are primary mediators of fever?

Answer 28

• IL-1, TNF
• prostaglandins

Question 29

What are primary mediators of pain?

Answer 29

• prostaglandins
• bradykinin

Question 30

What are primary mediators of tissue damage?

Answer 30

• lysosomal enzyme of leukocytes
• reactive oxygen species