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History Of Western Medicine > Mediaeval To Renaissance Medicine > Flashcards

Mediaeval To Renaissance Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What did mediaeval Christians think was gods role in healing?

A
  • God cares for the body as well as the soul
  • Sickness was a punishment for sins, or a trial of faith
  • Recovery as evidence of gods care
  • Work of caring and healing is godly work
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2
Q

What did mediaeval Christian’s think was the physicians role?

A
  • Provide advice and counsel (do not work with their hands)
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3
Q

What did charity mean to mediaeval Christian’s?

A
  • Caring for the sick and the poor
  • giving out alms such as money and food
  • Acts of mercy and love
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4
Q

How was charity expressed in the work of hospitals?

A
  • Caring for the poor and sick
  • infirmaries for travellers
  • monks and sisters cared for people
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5
Q

What were the main orders of medical practitioner during the high Middle Ages?

A
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6
Q

What did mediaeval and renaissance physicians think of the ancient medical writers?

A
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7
Q

How did the ancient medical writers influence the way that medicine was taught?

A
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8
Q

Why did anatomy become such an important part of medicine during the renaissance?

A
  • A source of new techniques and ways of seeing
  • anatomical investigation intended to improve, not reject, the theoretical framework of the ancients
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9
Q

What was the impacts of the Black Death?
-economical
-epidemiological
-humanistic
-population

A

Economical - wages improved, land ownership redistributed
Epidemiological - frequent outbreaks in the decades to follow
Humanistic - catalysing the erosion of the clerical and royal power
Population - 25% of the European population died and life span shrunk to 20 years old

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10
Q

How does modern science reinterpret the meaning of the Black Death?

A
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11
Q

Why did the romans have a decline of power?

A
  • roman world threatened
  • new roman capital at Constantinople (relocated)
  • empire splits (western Latin speaking- capital Rome, eastern Greek speaking)
  • western administrations collapses
    (300-500 CE)
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12
Q

When did Christianity develop?

A

Late antiquity and Middle Ages

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13
Q

How did Christianity / the church affect the mediaeval world?

A
  • Christianity spreads quickly and religious governments are made
  • Became official religion of the Roman and Byzantine empires
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14
Q

What happened to the church after Rome’s collapse?

A

Church persists as an institution of power, government and culture

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15
Q

What was the mediaeval Christian worldview?

A
  • all aspects of daily life seen through the prism of faith meaning the world is full of religious meaning
  • the purpose of life was to prepare for salvation (could happen anytime, body and soul will be resurrected)
  • god constantly present and active in the world
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16
Q

What do mediaeval Christian’s believe about medicine and gods role?

A
  • god cares for the body as well as the soul
  • Jesus performed healing miracles
  • physical sickness and cure have moral and religous meanings
  • sickness is a punishment for sins, or a trial of faith
  • the work of caring and healing is godly work
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17
Q

What happened to medicine when the economy collapsed in the west?

A
  • Medicine ceased to exist as a distinct occupation
  • some isolated Latin versions of Greek medical knowledge preserved in monastery libraries, especially those with practical knowledge
  • monks care for each other + infirmaries
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18
Q

What happened to medicine in the east?

A
  • Less of a decline than the west
  • Some individuals still practise as physicians
  • Copies of classical Greek texts still survive
  • Texts become corrupt and simplified
  • Little theoretical work, just simple practical knowledge
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19
Q

What did the mediaeval isamic world do with medicine?

A
  • translated many texts from Greek to Arabic
  • added to these texts
  • wrote books, topics included diet, hygiene, anatomy, physiology diagnosis, therapeutics and surgery
    (From 700 CE)
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20
Q

What happened to medical education in Western Europe in 800-1200 CE?

A
  • increasing political stability in Western Europe
  • growth of wealth and trade
    Differentiation of social roles, including medical practitioners
  • universities established
  • passing established knowledge
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21
Q

What did mediaeval surgeons do?

A

physical (manual) care of the body:
- barbering
- pulling teeth
- bandaging
- setting bones
- blood letting

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22
Q

How were surgeons seen / social status / education?

A

-tradesman
-learn through apprenticeship
-employed in military

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23
Q

What are apothecaries?

A
  • people who prepare and dispense medicines
    -tradesman not gentleman
    -train by apprenticeship
24
Q

When was the first recorded public dissection of a human? By who?

A

By Mondino de’ Liuzzi at the university of Bologna in 1315CE

25
Q

How was the mediaeval anatomy done?

A
  • often used bodies of executed criminals
  • guided by the book
  • conducted by a surgeon
26
Q

Why was mediaeval anatomy carried out (medical reasons)?

A
  • NOT intended to generate new knowledge of the body
  • Help students learn and memorise medical theory
  • connected to practises of blood letting
27
Q

Why was mediaeval anatomy carried out (religous reasons)?

A
  • performed in public, not just for students
  • often used bodies of criminals
  • reminder that the body is gods work - a theatre of morality and judgement, both human and divine
28
Q

What did people think of ancient knowledge during the renaissance?

A
  • knowledge is corrupt
  • dissatisfied with political and cultural disorder
  • realised that the ancient medical knowledge was not perfect - open to improvement
29
Q

What did renaissance artists try to do?

A
  • capture the perfection of classical representation (realism)
  • understand how the body is ideally constructed
  • source of new techniques and ways of seeing
    (Da Vinci)
30
Q

What did Berengario da capri do?

A
  • professor of anatomy at Bologna
  • conducts private dissections to improve medical knowledge
  • emulates Galens anatomical enquiries
  • introduces a more critical style of teaching
31
Q

What did Andreas Vesalius do? (1514-1564)

A
  • lecturer in surgery and anatomy in Padua
  • excessive dissections which lead him to criticise Galen
  • published De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) a medical text
32
Q

What is the meaning of Caritas?

A

Gods love for his creation and Christian’s love for their fellows
-includes acts of generosity, mercy and caring
-expected from all Christian’s

33
Q

What is the meaning of infirmity?

A

Care of the body and the soul go together - infirmity as weakness of the body and soul
-religious duty of monks and priests (spiritual care)
-extends to care of the body

34
Q

What happened in an infirmary (hospital)?

A
  • Monks cared for sick brothers
  • Cathedrals and shrines provide lodgings
  • Support and hospitality to people who are travelling on pilgrimages
35
Q

What was St Basils hospital specifically made for?

A

People that were travelling

36
Q

What came from the period of stability from 1000CE?

A
  • growth of trade and expansion of cities
  • growth of wealth (personal and institutional)
  • some money went to charity
  • the church begins to establish hospitals for the poor and sick providing care for local communities
37
Q

What did an infirmary look like?

A
  • beds around the edges
  • caring from sisters
  • hospital shrine at the front, place to prey
38
Q

How did the expansion of hospitals occur?

A

-wealthy individuals expressed their Christian beliefs through donations to hospitals
- governments begin to fund hospitals
- hospitals invest in trade
- providing insurance (eg wives signing over money)

39
Q

How much of the European population died from the black death?

A

25%

40
Q

What was the economic impact of the Black Death?

A

Wages improved, land ownership redistributed

41
Q

What was the epidemiological impact of the Black Death?

A

Frequent outbreaks in the decades to follow

42
Q

What was the humanistic effect of the Black Death?

A

Catalysing the erosion of clerical and royal power

43
Q

What was Boccaccio’s descriptions of the Black Death?

A
  • No remedy, no treatment, no cure
44
Q

What happened to physicians during the Black Death?

A
  • No physician knew how to cure it
  • physician numbers increased during this time as more people wanted to make money of ‘treating’ the infected
  • decreased the validity of physicians
45
Q

How did people think to prevent the plague?

A

To restore balance and to purify the body against the hot and putrid air
(Ride of perfume at this time - clean air meant you would not get ill)

46
Q

How was the Black Death treated?

A
  • praying, diets, drinking gold mixed with alcohol
  • surgeons did procedures such as lancing the bubo, blood letting and cupping
    (Accelerated the death)
47
Q

What happened to folks and midwives during the Black Death?

A

Became more popular due to immediate engagement

48
Q

How did Bocaccio describe the contagion of the plague?

A

-plague was spreading in s sweeping manner (not random)
-visits house to house
-assume that seeing or smelling an infected person could spread the infection

49
Q

What was Bocaccio’s account of the plague?

A
  • divine punishment and the absolute human incapacity
  • descriptions of new diseases with iconic symptoms
  • distrust in the medical profession
  • breakdown of laws, morals and religous rites
50
Q

What were the consequences of the Black Death?

A
  • death of family, friends, monarchs and priests causing the stability of social hierarchies to be impacted
    -redistribution of land and houses, payments and duties on unprecedented scale
  • migration and exchange between rural and urban folk
  • in England: increasing weakness of landlords, accelerated decline of feudalism
51
Q

What happened to the Jewish community after the Black Death?

A
  • waves of persecution
  • riots against Jews to restore others authority
52
Q

Why did people mortify their own flesh?

A
  • only by mortification of ones own flesh will sins from the Black Death be redeemed
    -church couldn’t provide safety from the plague
53
Q

What caused abandonment after the black plague? What did this cause?

A
  • fear of human contact
  • sudden disappearance of care and affection from loved ones and trusted professionals
  • caused the first wave of feelings of isolation and abandonment
54
Q

What was the board of health? What did they do?

A
  • coordination for plague measures
    -removing sick to isolation houses or banning expel from leaving their homes
    -Venetian authorities closed churches during the plague
55
Q

What was the regulation of stench in England?

A
  • key duties of civic government
  • birth of strict regulation for butchers (dangers of contamination and contagion became closely related with unregulated butchery)
  • sight of waste was also considered a to health
56
Q

What did quarantine involve?

A
  • detention for incoming vessels (isolation) for 30 days, increased to 40
  • military barricades around city to prevent the uncontrolled movement of people and goods

History Of Western Medicine (2 decks)

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