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English Language > Media english & Stylistics > Flashcards

Media english & Stylistics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Fairclough (1992) say about genre?

A

Relatively stable set of conventions associated with and partly enacts with a socially ratified type of activity.

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2
Q

What are intertextuality and interdiscursivity?

A 
Intertextuality = specific texts referring to other specific texts. E.g. Direct quotes from news figures in press report. 
Interdiscursivity = discourse types drawing on other discourse types. E.g. Game show and cooking show = bake off. Hybrid genres.
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3
Q

What is habituation and what must genres do to avoid it?

A

Habituation is when a genre has been done many times before so nothing is new, to compensate for this genres must have an arousal potential to keep the interest of viewers etc which is why hybrid genres are becoming more popular because they’re something different.

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4
Q

What are the traditional appeals of oratory and who proposed them?

A

Aristotle-
Logos - reasonable arguments applied to the case.
Ethos- presentation of goodness of the speaker.
Pathos - appealing to the feelings of the audience.

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5
Q

What are Halliday’s process types in relation to actors in news stories?

A 
Material - A does something to B.
Behavioural - A does something.
Verbal - A says something.
Mental - A thinks something.
Relational - A is B.
Existential - There is A.
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6
Q

What are the different ways of presenting speech in news stories?

A

Reported speech: direct quotations. Indirect speech: shifting pronouns/tense to paraphrase.
Narrative report of speech act: saying something was said.
Embedded quotations: bits of direct speech contained with indirect speech.

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7
Q

What are news values?

A

What journalists think an audience wants in a story, explains why some papers emphasise some aspects of news and not others.

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8
Q

Give some examples of news values:

A

Negativity - prefer bad news.
Unexpectedness - surprise/unpredictable
Unambiguity - audience have a clear view of the meaning of the story.
Personalisation- actions of an individual.

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9
Q

In terms of news values what do ‘meaningfulness’, ‘consonance’ and ‘threshold’ mean?

A

Meaningfulness = event is close to the lives/values of readers.

Consonance = fits with expectations.

Threshold = large/broad effects.

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10
Q

What are the key factors in analysing news and print media?

A

Actors
News values
Representation of speech

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11
Q

What are some linguistic indications of news values?

A
  • verbs/adverbs suggest event just happened.
  • superlatives/numbers suggest scale.
  • evaluative language
  • individuals standing for wider issues
  • key words from existing news stories
  • vivid emotional pictures.
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12
Q

What can linguists analyse in new TV genres?

A
  • Talk, to camera/VoiceOver
  • talk between characters
  • text on screen
  • whether it has been edited together to suggest a narrative
  • characters created, their actions, motivations
  • functions of talk between genres.
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13
Q

Give 3 examples of New TV Genres

A

Reality TV
Fake News
Interactive Sports

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14
Q

What do linguists study in terms of New Internet Genres?

A
  • Innovation in the face of constraints.
  • Relation to norms of spoken/written interaction.
  • Construction of identities
  • Dealing with conflict
  • cooperation/formation of communities
  • collaborative writing of texts
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15
Q

Define innovation and propagation in terms of new internet genres

A 
Innovation= creating new form
Propagation = new form spreads throughout speech community e.g. New spellings.
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16
Q

Give 3 examples of New internet genres

A

Vlogs, Facebook and Instagram.

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17
Q

What are the 4 main aims of advertising?

A

1) Get noticed: stand out from the rest.
2) Maximise processing: retain attention.
3) Counter advertising ‘savvyness’ = habituation
4) Build brand identities

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18
Q

In order to maximise processing what would ad’s do?

A
  • ask questions - ellipsis -indirectness

- negativeness -puns

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19
Q

How do ads get noticed?

A
  • Foreground through deviation.

- Parallelism e.g. Sound patterns, alliteration, rhyme structures.

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20
Q

How does a brand build an identity?

A

Recognisable logos and slogans, colours typeface.
Have a certain advertising style, e.g. Coca cola.
A brand is unique, a product is something bought by the customer.

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21
Q

How do ads counter habituation?

A

Try to look less prototypically ad like.
Do something different.
Conversational language
Be precise with figures round numbers look phoney.

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22
Q

What does multimodality refer to?

A

Distribution of meaning, changes are occurring in how meaning is realised and communicated is changing.

23
Q

What does semiotic mode refer to?

A

E.g. Image/gesture

24
Q

What is a semiotic resource?

A

Something with the potential to mean.

25
Q

What does science teaching now use instead of facts?

A

Teaching uses gestures for the highly valued knowledge, writing provides the answer, but teaching uses a dynamic process to show the students ideas and concepts.

26
Q

What are practices?

A

Everyday activities, often taken for granted, associated with values/roles/identities.

27
Q

Why do practices matter?

A

Some linguists assume a simple model of text effects. E.g. Video games having a poor effect.
Drastic changes in media business means they must change taken for granted practices and rediscover their audiences.

28
Q

How do we investigate media texts and practices?

A

Observe the distribution, production and reception of texts.

29
Q

What is creativity?

A

In language the ability of any speaker to produce an utterance that has never been heard before.

30
Q

What is the structure of a narrative?

A

Abstract: summary of the story.
Orientation: time, place and situation.
Complication: sequence of events leading to the evaluation.
Evaluation: reveals the tellers stance on events.
Coda: retells making a point, returning to conversation in the present marking the end.

31
Q

How does a speaker work up the story for a listener?

A
  • Preconstruction = stages of setting up the telling.
  • Tellability = may include local places, shared friends, unusualness.
  • Credibility = showing one can be believed and that the event actually happened.
32
Q

What are the functions of reported speech in conversation?

A
  • To intensify an event. - Typify an encounter.
  • Speaking for others. - Offering evidence
  • Enacting hypothetical speech.
33
Q

What are the conventions of narratives in talk?

A
  • Speaker holds the floor
  • beginning and ending of story are usually signified.
  • listeners can join in with questions, comments and responses.
  • Stories usually serve a purpose = show something.
  • interruptions may occur.
34
Q

What is the function of dialogue in plays and films?

A
  • Anchorage of the storytelling and characters.
  • Communication of narrative causality.
  • Enactment of narrative events.
  • Character revelation
  • Adherence to the code of realism
  • Control of viewer evaluation
  • Exploiting the resources of language
35
Q

What are the implications for linguists studying scripted texts?

A
  • the aim of script writers is to tell a good story not reproduce language or the social world accurately.
  • all dialogue draws on our normal expectations of conversations
  • dialogue also word within the conventions of the genre.
  • ‘realism’ and ‘stereotyping’ are not issues as writers use various effects to seem realistic or not and fiction draws on types as part of character constructions.
36
Q

What are Jakobson’s 1960 functions of language?

A
  • Referential = focus on the world.
  • Conative = focus on addressee.
  • Expressive = focus on addresser.
  • Poetic = focus on the message for it’s own sake, language focused on itself.
  • Phatic = focus on contact, keeping channel open.
37
Q

What is ‘play’ in everyday conversation?

A

Disconnecting from reality, disruption and subversion of social structures. e.g. Use of rhyme, repetition, alliteration.
Puns, metaphors.
Intertextuality.
Conversational games and rituals.

38
Q

What are the functions of everyday creativity?

A
  • Sociability -Aggression -Speaker shift

- Topic shift -Frame shift -For fun

39
Q

What is a genre?

A

A classification of texts where text-external criteria has a decisive role.

40
Q

What is stylistics?

A

The study of the language of texts, including both literary and non literary.

41
Q

What is the goal of stylistics?

A

To describe in detail linguistic choices and patterns in order to explain the meanings and effects of texts.

42
Q

What is style?

A

A way in which language is used, consists of choices mad from the body of the language.

43
Q

What are the different levels of language that choices can be found?

A

Phonology - sounds
Graphology - visual appearance of written texts on a page
Lexis - structure of individual words
Grammar - structure of words
Semantics - meanings and meaning relationships within phrases, clauses and sentences.
Discourse- interaction, beliefs and relationships with other texts.

44
Q

What are the two main types of figurative language?

A

Conventional/creative similes

Conventional/creative metaphors

45
Q

What are the functions of similes/metaphors?

A
  • to explain complex things
  • to express subjective experiences/emotions
  • to persuade
  • to elicit emotional reactions
  • to amuse and entertain
46
Q

Explain the ‘life is a journey’ metaphor.

A

Explains why some words have conventional metaphorical meanings. E.g. Direction - the feeling of having a definite purpose. Multiple meanings drive semantic change.

47
Q

What do we mean when we say that metaphors have framing powers?

A

They frame what we are thinking in a particular way. Some aspects of the topic are highlighted, some backgrounded. E.g. Cancer as a losing battle = illness is enemy an victim is failing.

48
Q

Explain how conventional metaphors can be used for negative emotions

A

It’s hard to talk about emotions without figurative language.
Pattern - negative emotions associated with a downwards position e.g. Feeling down, really low.
Creative use of the conventional metaphor ‘I languished at the bottom of a deep hole’. To explain depression you need to use metaphors.

49
Q

What are the 2 sources for individual variation in metaphor use?

A

Human concern: individuals main interests

Personal history: people’s experiences

50
Q

What is a narrative?

A

Typically involves the telling of sea series of two or more interconnected events, one or more agents/participants (usually human like), a reason that justifies the telling, the point of the story.

51
Q

What is Brémond’s narrative cycle?

A

Satisfactory state > procedure of degradation > state of deficiency > procedure of improvement = satisfactory state (repeat)

52
Q

How can metaphor be used in narratives?

A

Contributes towards Tellability

  • persuasiveness
  • entertainment
  • intertextuality
  • can contribute narrative structure to things that have very little narrative potential.
53
Q

What does Aristotle say about narratives?

A

That all stories should have a beginning, a middle and an ending.

54
Q

What are the functions of a narrative?

A
  • Represent reality
  • Project personal identity
  • Strengthen intimacy and group identity
  • Strengthen feelings of national identity.
  • To persuade
  • To explain
  • Convey moral teaching
  • Provide psychological healing
  • Project alternative worlds
  • To entertain

English Language (4 decks)

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