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CMN 10 v > Media Effects > Flashcards

Media Effects Flashcards

1
Q

What are media effects

A

a change in an outcome within a person or social entity that is due to MASS MEDIA INFLUENCE following exposure to MASS MEDIA MESSAGE OF MESSAGES

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2
Q

what are the 6 types

A
  1. cognition: violent video game relates to violent thoughts
  2. attitudeS: west wing changed peoples attitudes about presidency
  3. beliefs: viewing romantic comedy’s relates to unrealistic beliefs about marriage
  4. affect: people watch happy media to sustain happy mood
  5. physiology: violent video games playa relates to physiological desensitization
  6. behavior: TV exposure predict disordered eating
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3
Q

What do authors argue that media effects and use depend on?

A

susceptibility variables

  • these depend on peoples disposition, developmental level, and social context
    ex: personality and disposition variable influence what you watch
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4
Q

effects of violent content (3 types)

A
  1. Agressor effect: individual becomes more aggressive through cognitions or behaviors
    MEN & CHILDREN ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE
  2. the fear of victimization: ind. becomes more afraid cause they think the world is a dangerous place
  3. desensitization: ind. doesn’t respond to violence as much anymore
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5
Q

Pro social media effects:

A

voluntary acts for the benefits of others

-playing prosocial video games increases prosocial behavior

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6
Q

effects on mental and physical well-being

A

a link between viewing media content and disordered eating intentions and behaviors mainly among women in particular

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7
Q

children lack advertisement competency until age

A

9 or 10 and not until age 12 do they understand advertisement effects

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8
Q

people aren’t effected by media in the same way differences can come from

A
  1. gender
  2. age
  3. developmental level
  4. disposition
  5. attitudes
  6. social contexts -viewing alone/ with a parent
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9
Q

what do we mainly use for entertainment

A

social networking (27%)

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10
Q

what does entertainment give us (2 options)

A

a. amusements or pleasure by performers

b. occupation for the mind

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11
Q

media is primarily used for

A

entertainment

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12
Q

its an objective perspective

A

people spend so much time seeking to be entertained

-average human spends 4 1/2 hours a day watching TV

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13
Q

who spend the most time with entertainment

A

children and elderly

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14
Q

average American spends how much on movies

A

$936 a year

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15
Q

average American spends how much.a year for entertainment

A

$3 thousand a year

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16
Q

why do we seek entertainment?

A

entertainment and the self: the self is the sense of who I am and we have multiple so we are MOVING BEYOND THE SELF: PLAYING DRESS UP TO BE SOMEONE ELSE FOR A WHILE

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17
Q

entertainment and evolution theory

and -cognitive capacity

A

the number of traits we share as specie combine for us to seek entertainment

-cognitive capacity: we have excess and nothing to do with it (we used to go hunting) so we turn to tv for our giant brains

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18
Q

why we watch what we watch

A

we choose entertainment to non-consciously manage our mood

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19
Q

why do we watch sad media

A

we appreciate it not enjoy it

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20
Q

what is health communication

A

an interdisciplinary study (not owned by coms field) and an applied social science (we want to understand problems in real world) and is theory driven

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21
Q

environmental influences (health communication) and 3 different environments (tat effect you)

A

shape peoples responses to strategies
1. media environment: theres a lot of competition between health and sugar companies -ex Coca Cola)

  1. social environment/social networks: your friends eating a Big Mac can influence the way you eat
  2. policy: some students attend schools that band unhealthy foods
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22
Q

the pathways model

A

tell us that communication can directly effect health outcomes

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23
Q

getting to healthy outcomes usually takes what path

A

indirect pathway: a casual chain in which the effect are mediate and don’t go through proximal or intermediate outcomes

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24
Q

why are nonverbal cues understudied

A

privacy concerns in doctor/ patient visits
-logistics: we would need a to of cameras and equipment

-resource intense research: we would need a huge grant to pull off

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25
Q

women are more:

men are more:

A

women: socioemotional oriented
men: task-oriented

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26
Q

interruptions by doctor

A
  • lower patient satisfaction: male doctor & patient

- increase patient satisfaction: female doctor & patient

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27
Q

4 communication differences

A
  1. agenda setting
  2. information solicitation
  3. emotions
  4. shared decision making
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28
Q

4 communication differences

1. agenda setting

A

A. Patient centered: doctor builds visit by addressing patient concerns

B. doctor centered: doctor sets agenda based on biomedical issues

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29
Q

4 communication differences

2. information solicitation

A

A. Patient centered: doctor asks for the patients thoughts

B. doctor centered: doctor assumes patient will say something if important

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30
Q

4 communication differences

3. emotions

A

A. patient centered: doctor encourages patient to express their feelings

B. Doctor centered: doctor focuses on physical not socio emotional pain

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31
Q

4 communication differences

4. shared decision making

A

A Patient centered: doctor asks patient involvement in decisions

B. doctor centered: Doctor makes decisions based on physical expert judgment

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32
Q

outcomes of shared decision making

A
  1. patient more likely to do treatment plant: especially those with chronic health
  2. greater reliance on preventative behaviors
  3. lower probability of emergency room visit
  4. lower rates of hospitalization
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33
Q

3 types of ad campaigns

A
  1. systematic: doen or actief according to a fixed plan or system
  2. course: a path to be taken
  3. aggressive: an all out effort to win or succeed
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34
Q

all about health campaigns

A
  • have a beginning and end
  • target a large audience
  • use radio, print, social media
  • americas first campaign: 1721 small pix vaccine (strong opposition)
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35
Q

do campaigns work?

A

on average they change 8% of targeted individuals in the intended direction (produce a stronger effect when backed up by law enforcement)

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36
Q

factors that increase campaign effectiveness

A

conduct formative research

  • grounded in theory: how to design messages
  • segmented audiences: turn em into homogenous groups
  • use a targeted message approach: one message fits all will not work
  • message needs to be distributed among big channels
  • conduct process evaluation while campaign is still going on (you can make adjustments while it is still running)
37
Q

ACME model for health communication framework

A

A:audience
C: channel
M:message
E: evaluation

38
Q

social marketing approach

A

assume impact of health campaigns can be useful in selling products

distinctive features:

  1. consumer oriented
    w. commercial marketing technologies
  2. voluntary change in behavior
  3. targeting specific people
  4. personal and social welfare: commercial markets care about benefiting self but social markets care about welfare of society
39
Q

social marketing campaign: (care about changing society not selling)

(this is VS. Traditional information campaigns)

A
  1. begins with consumer research
  2. consumer always right
  3. influence through change
  4. buy into new behavior
  5. when things go wrong: what is wrong with US
40
Q

Traditional information campaign (opposite of social marketing campaigns)

A
  1. begins with top-down planning
  2. expert driven
  3. influence through awareness
  4. behavior modification
  5. when things go wrong what is wrong with them
41
Q

critical consumer perceptions

A
  1. barriers
  2. benefits
  3. social norms
  4. self efficacy

-there is a theoretical basis: (exchange theory: people are asked to change something:: time, money, pleasure, to obtain the benefits of a product or service)

42
Q

the 4 P’s

A
  1. Product: what were offering people in exchange (an idea, product- must be solution to problem)
  2. price: what is the cost of adopting the product (embarrassment, $)
  3. place: (channels) where is the product purchased, distributes, provided (can be where health behavior is carried out: public park)
  4. promotion: creation of the message that sell the product that offer people an attractive change
43
Q

6 steps in social marketing

A
  1. planning: a model to guide us
  2. formative research: collect data from people targeting
  3. strategizing: segmentation of target population with individual objects
  4. campaign development: slogans, logos, visual element, and anything you fin in a product advertisement
  5. implementation
    ; launch the campaign,, coordinate activities for people in charge
  6. tracking and evaluation” collecting data to make sure messages are reaching intended people
44
Q

impact of the road res social marketing campaign and what was it

A

first year: about 20,000 rides were provided

-the problem young men in Wisconsin who drive themselves home after the bard drunk

45
Q

what made the campaign successful (road crew)

A
  1. product was attractive: free rides after the vars
  2. product offers a great value
  3. solves a problem
  4. doesn’t use shame or embarrassment
46
Q

media advocacy

A

to promote health : the strategy us of media to support community organization and advance policies to make environment healthier

the approach bring together:

  1. science
  2. communication
  3. policy
    * were targeting policy makers to bring about change
47
Q

the stream metaphor

  • upstream
  • downstream
A
  • upstream: social, political, and physical environments that shape health
  • advocacy: convince schools to remove soda
  • downstream: the individual person
  • ex: MOST campaigns convince kids to eat healthier

*primary prevention: by keeping people healthy by giving them healthy environments at local, state, federal levels

48
Q

theoretical foundations

A

-agenda setting theory: examines hoe research sets the policy agenda for our society and defines the nature of the debate

  • framing: how we think of the issue that have been places on society ages by the media. media is the one that provides perspective
  • default America news sorry: episodic reporting on an individual event
  • thematic themes: media advocacy seeks to frame issues thematically
49
Q

3 different strategies

A
  1. media strategy: to get the new attention to cover it
    - consider is media needed?
    - personal persuasion first
    - determine most effective channel
  2. access strategy:
    - identify key editors and news
    - build relationships
    - sell the story: give them an age they are interested in
    - time your approach: tie into current topic is news
  3. message strategy: (3q’s)
  4. what is the problem
  5. what is the solution
  6. why does it matter
50
Q

media bites

A 
short compelling and memorable messages may to digest 
-simple statements
-analogies
-visual language
0call to action
51
Q

goal of Mexican telenovelas

A

to advance family planning and population control

-effect: more women worked at birth control clinics

52
Q

Emily Moyer-guse

entertainment overcoming restitanc model

A

entertainment feature > overcoming resistance of change > leading to a story (movie, show…)

53
Q

entertainment features (7)

A
  1. narrative structure
  2. parasocial interaction
  3. linking of characters making par asocial relationship possible
  4. perceived similarity
  5. identification
  6. transportation: getting swept up into show
  7. enjoyment
54
Q

overcoming resistance to chance (7)

A
  1. reactance: when were told to do something
  2. counter-arguing: paling the devils advocate when we hear persuasive messages
  3. selective avoidance: we avoid information that counter that view
  4. perceived vulnerability: we tend to act to protect ourselves
  5. perceived norms
  6. self- efficacy
    7 outcome expectation: thinking a behavior will lead to something
55
Q

News Gatekeeping (occurs at all levels)

A
  • there is only limited time and space and audience attention in limited
  • RULE: NEWSWORTHINESS
56
Q

newsworthiness: 5 main criteria

A
  1. timely or new
  2. conflict/ controversy
  3. unusual
  4. relevant: to community to society
  5. significant
57
Q

news framing

what it is and 2 types

A

1.gatekeeping: choosing what to report
2 framing:
A. issue specific: vary depending on nature of issue at hand
*value-laden: represent position on issue (usually sparks a debate)
*news bias
*political consideration and opinions

B. General (structural) frames does not represent specific belief

  • applicable to most issues
  • NOT representing a perspective
  • grounded in new prediction
  • wev’e got
    1. episodic frames: personal angle more prevalent in news
    2. thematic framesL issues discussed in a more general cineast and standpoint
58
Q

2 external factors in news marketing

A

1.market influence 2. political influence: government policies, etc.

59
Q

because most news media are public companies

A

face competition in market so making a profit is imperative > so they are eager to provide what audience want

60
Q

3 shaping news content

1.

A
  1. editing: (very true in BROADCAST NEWS) not easy to hold audience attentions
    - digestible, easy to follow
    - shorter stories
    - more images and graphics
    - more news summaries
61
Q

shaping news content 2

A
  1. editing
  2. newsworthiness: issues and events with compelling images more newsworthy
    - lifestyle, human-interst stories
    - stories with compelling images
62
Q

shaping news content 3

A
  1. editing
  2. newsworthiness
  3. framing: at personal and emotional level : shows how responsive they are to public because it is more engaging and holds audience attention
    - episodic preferred over thematic frames
63
Q

telecommunication act of 1996

political influence on news making

A
  • deregulated and opened up industry competition
  • led to more soft news and local programming because deregulation and competition have made economy more important win news industry (making a profit became a tor priority)
64
Q

Media politics

why do politicians and parties turn to news mesa (politics and campaigns heavily depend on mews media) 3 reasons

A
  1. population growth: making face to face campaigning more expensive and difficult
  2. weakened political parties: now that primaries used in nominations there been a shift
  3. technologies: shift from old tech and more diverse media environments make it possible ti reach out to voters and get message across
65
Q

media appearance and message shaping

A

there is a danger in uncontrolled negative news

-ex: dean screaming made him look bad while he was trying to energize supporters

66
Q

news management by politicians

A
  • press release, press conference, political events
  • bad news on weekends
  • ex:the 2004 republican convention did it in NYC cause 9/11 (Bush’s campaign)
67
Q

what is so called “he said” coverage

A

one of the reasons the daily show and Colbert report are so popular (put fun on politicians)
-functions as a channel between politicians and citizens

68
Q

what is news

A

how we define it (important issues and problems in society) they should be (journalist) free of pressure news services by informing citizens about important issues

69
Q

what is political communication research about

A

representative democracy: people govern the society indirectly by electing people that ca govern on their behalf
-political science research focuses on relation between politicians and citizens and examines role of messages in communication

70
Q

how news media influences politics

A

impact of news is indirect by shaping the opinion

-news> public opinion > politics

71
Q

political impact of news on individuals 1/4

A
  1. agenda setting effect: news influences the way people prioritize public issues
    - news emphasis> audience perception os issue importance
    - news changes agenda by paying attention to a certain issue so audience say its a societal issue
    - news makes specific issue more salient in audience minds
72
Q

political impact of news on individuals 2/4

A
  1. news priming effect:
    - news emphasizes influences the ways people evaluate the president and politics
    - effects unconsciously hater decision making process
73
Q

political impact of news on individual 3/4

A
  1. framing effect
    - news frame> audience issue interpretation
    - ex of episodic frame:
    a. attribution of responsibility
    b. opinion about issue and policy
    c. does not help audience see the bigger picture in news
74
Q

political impact of news on individual 4/4

A
  1. presumed influence
    - news can indirectly shape audience by changing social norms
    - news> perception of social form > opinion/ behavior
    - news as a conduit of social influence: as long as people perceive coverage as an accurate description f nicety
    - shape our perception of social norms
75
Q

news not only is shaping public opinion but also less to political socialization

A

people:

  • learn about politics
  • engage in political discussion
  • participate in civic/ political life
  • become better informed and and have resources for civic engagement
76
Q

political advertisement

A

ad spending is about 1 billion dollars

77
Q

why do campaign go negative 4 reasons

A
  1. target undecided voters
    2 psychologically engaging
  2. draws attention and sparks public debate
  3. attack-counter attach spiral c
78
Q

MUD (video games)

A

multi user dungeons that are an early example of online video games

  • multi-player user worlds (only can communicate through messages or faces)
  • ex: doomL facilitates rise of communities to play against each other and to modify the game and create maps
79
Q

interpersonal communication processes (4)

A
  1. encounters with unacquainted human players
  2. intergroup communication among players organized in stable groups/ clans
  3. communication in social units existing within the games narrative (ex: people being to elf faction or org faction)
  4. online game interactions occur among people in pre-existing relationships (ex: playing with friends)
80
Q

encounters with unacquainted players

A

-nearly all MUDplayers formed personal relationships with other users

81
Q

factors affecting the formation of new relationship in online video games

A
  1. motivation to play the fame
  2. time spent playing
  3. nonverbal and verbal communication dynamics
82
Q

Bartle (1996) classified MUD players as

A
  1. achievers: leveling up
  2. explorers mapping the death and breath of the game world
  3. socializers: focused on role playing and relationships
  4. killers: causing distress to other players
    * MUD players mostly focus on role playing and player trait sociability had a moderate effect on forming online relationships
83
Q

time spent playing online may result in social displacement effects:

A

tradeoff between offline connections for newly formed online connections

84
Q

the function of communication in groups

A
  1. task-oriented
  2. socioemotional: can be positive (show agreement, joking around)/ negative (antagonism, disagreement)
    * most socioemotional messages positive
85
Q

stable groups and clans

A
  • online games are similar to clubs
  • third places: people are free to come an go (free form outside taking orders)
  • self-disclosure link to trust in online games and higher with those that used VOICE CHAT over text messages
86
Q

small guilds (groups)

A

feature strangers met in game
-goal for playing online effect guild cause player might be more interested in role playing though some guilds social in nature

87
Q

females in guilds

A

good recruiters and recruited boyfriends, pucks, family members

88
Q

media multiplex theory:

A

people that have stronger ties with each other (like good friends) communicate using more channels of communication

CMN 10 v (1 decks)

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