Media Flashcards
1
Q
What is traditional media ?
A
The mass media that communicated uniform messages which were non-interactive delivered to large audiences
2
Q
Example of traditional media
A
Tv channels and radio stations broadcasted from the BBC and newspaper, requires little consumer choice
3
Q
What is the ‘new media’
A
Emerged in the late 20t early 21st century and are usually inter-active and screen-based. Different sound text, images and offers hundreds channels and films etc
4
Q
Example of the new media
A
Facebook, X, TikTok , YouTube, computer games and apps
5
Q
Does old media still exist today?
A
Yes just in new formats like tv’s have become more ‘smart’ and e-books are now instead of printed books
6
Q
Explain the power of the media
A
The media has a hold and power over many individuals and as a society we have become media-saturated. It has become a form of secondary socialisation as has an influence on people’s identities
7
Q
How many minutes on average does uk consumer spend watching tv?
A
158 minutes and TikTok is expected to reach 1.8 billion monthly active users
8
Q
What does Bauman say?
A
He suggested that during the last 30 years more information has been produced in the world than in previous 50,000 years
9
Q
What are the 5 times of formal control against what the media report ?
A
- the law - equality act 2010 forbid the expression of opinions which express hatred or discrimination against people
- ofcom - established 2003 and their aim is to ensure that there is a wide range of tv, radio, electronic media and communications available hilts protecting the public from offensive or harmful effects of the media (8000 complaints after Adjoa Andoh said the Buckingham Palace balcony was “terribly white”)
- the BBC - royal character funded by government whose members are appointed by the King. The trust regulates the BBC whilst also representing license paying audiences (in 2011 censored the word Palestine out of a song added controversy)
- independent broadcasting - non-BBC tv and radio and regulated by ofcom
- IPSO - independent regulator for newspaper and magazine established in 2014. They regulate and deal with complaints about the content of the newspaper (the sun blamed the fans were responsible for the Hillsbourgh disaster)
10
Q
Explain the Levenson enquiry
A
Journalists at new of the world hacked phones linked to new stories. Which led to many celebrities being hacked along with members of the public and to the murder of milly dowler. They outcry from public led to a high profile inquiry to replace the PCC with an independent body
11
Q
What are the 6 ways in which government try to influence the output of the media?
A
- Official government press conferences and briefings of journalists (to et their ides and points across)
- Leaks and off the record briefings (informal briefings in which is done in a none attributable way)
- The use of government spin doctors (try to manipulate the media by adding favourable slant or releasing information showing government in bad like at the same time public are busy - holidays)
- Refusal to issue broadcasting licenses to those whom it deems are unfit or unsuitable
- Refusal to allow the use of some forms of computer software as well s the use of filtering and surveillance software to block assess to some internet sites (goggle was withdrawn from china 20102 so government could hack google to track unman rights activists)
- Electronic surveillance of emails, monitoring and intercepts of mobile calls
12
Q
Who are the 5 people that own 80% of the UKs media ?
A
Rupert Murdoch, Richard Desmond, Viscount Rothermere and the Barclay brothers
13
Q
What is one of the largest organisations ?
A
The BBC
14
Q
What does ‘lords of the global village mean’?
A
That they are dominating mass media and controlling the entire process from creation to delivery
15
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
1.
A
- Concentration of ownership (concentrated in the hands o few very large companies)
16
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
2
A
- Vertical integration (concentration with a single medium, one company owning several newspapers)
17
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
3
A
- Horizontal integration or cross media ownership ( owner have a range of interests in different media’s)
18
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
4
A
- Global ownership, media ownership is international (global media empires)
19
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
5
A
- Conglomeration and diversification (conglomerates - companies that have a diversity of interests in a wide range of products besides media)
20
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
6
A
- Global conglomeration (different media products in different countries)
21
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
7
A
- Synergy (media companies produce, promote and sell production in a variety of forms through various subsidiaries - film shown in movies, advertise in newspaper then turns into a book)
22
Q
What of the 8 key features of the lords of global village media ownership?
8
A
- Technological convergence (media companies try to maximise sale of their products by promoting and making them available in a variety of formats all accessible on one device)
23
Q
What is the ideology of the media ?
A
Role of he media is concerned with the extent to which the media socialises audiences into a particular view of the world and the society
24
Q
What does Morley say? (Marxist thinker)
A
Explains how the media manufacture ways the audience we the world through media called dominant reading the interpretation of messages that those producing media would prefer audience to see
25
What does Althusser say?
That having a dominant ideology which is the dominant class in society takes place as a result of state apparatuses. Media and education inducing people into a false consciousness of their real interest
26
What does Miliband say?
The media control access to the knowledge which people have about what is happening in society and encourage them to accept how unequal society is ad media is run by rich and powerful
27
AO3 evaluation of Marxism
Neo-Marxist - the bourbons owners of media companies do not have time to micromanage what happening
The state regulate media ownership so no one person has too much influence
28
Explain neo-Marxism
Agree with some ascents of Marxism they emphasise the cultural aspects of class conflict rather than the economic focus
29
What does Gramsci say ?
Hegemony - is where the norms and values of the ruling class are taken as common sense
30
Explain how neo Marxists see the influence of media
Journalists have accepted the conservative worldview of the ruling class as common sense no they share this vie with the role through media
31
What statistics did Owen Jones find ?
51% of top journalists ar privately educated compared to 7% of population
Only 19% of top journalists went to comprehensive schools compared to 90% of readers
32
AO3 of neo-Marxism
Traditional Marxist would question the idea that journalists share all right owing content
James Whale would argue that the views and approaches contained within mainstream media is not a result of social background but a demand from audiences
33
Explain pluralism theory
Distribution of the political power that holds power is widely and evenly dispersed in society rather than only held by powerful and the ruling class
34
What are pluralists views on the control of the media
They believe that the audience chose what they actively wan to consume and that mass media is crucial informs about voters and their choices
35
What do postmodernists say about the control of media?
They argue that as a society we are gaining more and more choice and that we have become media saturated and we receive messages from the media all day and every day
36
What does Levene say?
That many people use social media platforms and are not controlled by the media we ourselves control the media
37
AO3 of postmodernist and pluralists
- Marxists the audience aren’t making a free choice when they decided one channel or newspaper over another
- Barnett and Weymor say that although there are hundreds of channels there isn’t really a great deal of choice most of it is all the same
38
Explain how media is a social construct
The media can’t report everything that is happening therefore it is selected news in which shared
39
What do the Glasgow media group do?
They have done a series of studies that show how the selection and presentation of the news isn’t a neutral process - selected with dominant ideologies
40
What do Herman and Chomsky say ?
They argue that mainstream news is influenced by powerful social interests which control it
41
What are three influences on the news?
-owners direct instructions to their editors
-journalists don’t want to ruin their careers so do a the owner says
-owners are concerned about making a profit and find things that will attract people
42
What do Barnett and Seymour and Curran et al say about making a profit
In order to attract the largest popular audience you need to appeal everyone and offend no one therefore, unpopular opinions go hugely unrepresented in the media
43
What did Barnett and Gaber say about the pressure to attract audiences
That it has lead to more conformists less informed and less critical approach to reporting politics
44
Explain of social construct in the news.
Philo bad Berry found that many British TV report on the Palestinians were suppression, biased or inadequate news reports.
Alternatives : (Citizen journalism) Bivens says that phones and videoing at the scene always more traditional journalism
45
AO3 of citizen journalism
Also suits airstream media organisations and they can keep items and have the videos at little costs rather than sending out their own camera men
46
Which has the increase in competition of the media lead to?
It has meant that everyone wants to get the story out first meaning they are taking shortcuts and more care about it being out first than fully accurate
47
Explain agenda setting
The media influence in laying down the list of subjects or agenda for public discussion. Different news corporations will set different agendas as the consent will change based on the audience
48
What does McCombs say?
He suggest that the news now tells us what to think about and how to think about certain subjects
49
Explain gatekeeping
The media’s power to refuse to cover some issues and let others be published.
Gains explains how editors gate keep as they decide what is new and what is not it is a filtering process
50
Synoptic link gate keeping to crime and deviance
The media show the welfare fraud of the poor however the hide the tax evasion of the rich
51
Explain norm setting
How the media promotes conformity while marginalises the non-conformists.
- encouraging conformity (promotes following the law, helping others)
- discouraging non-conformity (sensationalises violent crimes, riots and other rule breaks)
52
Synoptic link norm setting to crime
Durkheim’s idea of boundary maintenance
53
Explain news values
Gltung and Ruge explain how it is the way in which journalists attach significance to a particular story. The stories are more likely to be shared if they are:
- unexpected
- well known people
- timely
- continues from old story
- simple and brief
54
What does Jewels say?
That now w have the added importance of celebrities and graphic images and also the involvement of children would ensure a story made it to the newspaper
55
AO3 of new value
Marxists would say it less to do with news values and more to do with straight forward ideology and all the churnlaism to established hegemony
56
Explain how the media use emotive language
They use rods like ‘troublemakers’ and ‘rioters’ to encourage people to have a negative view on the people or event
57
AO3 evaluation of making of the news
Pluralists argue the new does fairly represent society and reality jones researched into the news and Lund there was actually a balance
58
What are the three key elements within a moral panic
- Media identity a group as folk devil (portrayed in negative way due to deviant behaviour)
- The group are presented in e negative/stereotype fashion
- Moral entrepreneurs condemn the group
59
Explains Cohen’s idea of moral panic within media
That media makes crime or deviance worse through reporting leading to a deviance amplification spiral . 2011 riots
60
AO3 of moral panics
- McRobbie and Thornton - media caused moral panics are decreasing because people move on too the next issue icier due to new media
- Pluralists and postmodernists - diverts of reports and reactions has lead to added skepticism
61
Explain what hierarchy of credibility means - Becker
This means they attach the greatest importance to the views of powerful and influential individuals and groups
62
What are the key points that explain how news reports often base what others find bout events rather than what reporters have discovered
- journalists priories views from powerful group
- Hall et al - ‘primary definers’ set the agenda and influence definitions
- media often consults primary definers for expert opinions - views are seen as mor credible
63
What did Davies find ?
That 80% of the stories in newspapers were second-hand material from news agencies and public relations on 12% was found by reporters
64
Who are the majority journalists ?
White, middle-class males
65
AO3 evaluation for journalists
Pluralists - media competition and the need to attract an audience means that journalists do occasionally expose injustice and corruption of the government therefore, not always in the pockets of the powerful
66
What are the 7 stereotypes of children in media ?
- kids as victims
- cute kids
- little devils
- kids are brilliant
- kids as accessories
- kids these days?
- little angels
67
How are the youth presented in the media ?
They are often shown as rebellious and selfish. That they are always making trouble along with drugs and alcohol
68
What is the MORI for young people now magazine about?
Showed that the majority of stories about young people were negative (57%) and only 12% were positive the rest was articles about knife crime etc
69
What did the survey done by women in journalism 2009 find?
That teenage boys are most frequently shown in the media to do with stories about crime: “sick” “thugs”
70
What did white et al find ?
That over 40% f youths were not impressed and dissatisfied about how they were shown in the media
71
Who are more likely to hold this stereotype ?
Older people who tend to be more home based as the news is the only thing they have to go off
72
What did Cohen find about the youth?
That they are relatively powerless and people are willing to just easily blame them for everything wrong in society
73
AO3 of youths in the media
The youth are heavy users of the media therefore, they could combat what is being said
‘New sociology of childhood’
SL: Smart et al
Mason and Tipper - we decide who our family are
And children have agency and autonomy
74
How has the media socially constructed the youth ?
Through popular music and fashion trends
75
AO3 of how media socially constructed the youth
Pluralists argue that the media are just giving the youth what they want
76
What did Cuddy and Fiske find?
That in the US 1.5 per cent of the people that are shown in the media are elderly
77
What did Biggs find?
He found that UK TV sitcoms presented older people in negative ways such as forgetting things and stereotyping
78
What did centre for ageing better find?
The association of words such as elderly with vulnerable or phases such as boomers have it better than millennials all create a negative and unrealistic view of after life
79
What did Szmigin and Carrigan find?
That some were wary of using models in their advertisements they consider it may alienate the younger audience
80
What did white et al find ?
That older viewers thought they tended to be stereotyped and that there was a lack of presentation of middle-aged and older women on TV
81
AO3 of elderly in the media
- szmigin and carrigan found that we can see a difference of generations in the media and they are now growing numbers of old people ‘the grey pound’
- lee et al stated how they are now showing people enjoying their healthy and active life -‘golden age’
82
What does media gaze mean
That the representations of social class are filtered through the eyes of the rich and powerful upper-class media owners and the middle-class media professions las who produce media content
83
What does media gaze result in ?
- more favourable stereotypes of the upper and middle classes then the working class
- an over representation of the upper and middle classes
84
What does Jones suggest?
That the media gives the idea that we are all middle class now and have the norms of the middle class
85
What does Lawler suggest?
That ‘taste’ is used to highlight class identity and peoples lives are seen as shaped by their individual choices and taste in consumer goods
86
What did McKendrick et al find?
That in a content analysis of uk media report in 2007 that poverty was seen as a marginal issue however journalists found that if they wanted it to be expressed in the news they would have to find different angles and extreme cases
87
What did weltman note?
Across all media content the working class are devalued
88
What did Curran and Seaton suggest?
That newspapers are targeting the working class audiences imply a lack of interest in public affairs
89
What are the four stereotypes of working class in media (1 and 2)
- ‘dumb and foolish’ - butsch see the working class as buffoons. Shildrick et al argue that the media portray poverty as a result of individual moral failings - reduces public sympathy
- troublemakers - welfare and struggling paren they are seen as problematic. Neo-Marxists like GMG portrays discredit those who challenge dominant ideologies
90
What are the four stereotypes of working class in media (3 and 4)
- romanticised communities - call the midwife depict the working class as hard working and community focused . Jones argues that this is outdated and all shaped by middle class
- ‘chavs’ - lawler describes them as disgusting while weltman and Tyler see chav’ as a way to devalue the working class culture
91
What are the three representations of the middle class in the media ?
- over-represented - property programmes
- dominant - due to presenters
- anxiety - often shown as anxious bout contemporary society
92
What do pluralists and neo-Marxist say about luxury lifestyles ?
Pluralists argue that it reflects audience demand
Neo-Marxist see it as glorifying wealth and hierarchy and reinforcing dominant ideologies and justifying social inequality
93
AO3 evaluations of class in the media
- Curran and Seaton argue that the media positively transforms society by offering more choices now
- meta narratives provided by the media are being challenged no longer take it at face value
94
What do neo-Marxist like GMG find about ethnicity in the media?
They point to the way representations of minority ethnic groups are therefore filtered through the gaze of a predominately white middle class dominated media
95
What does Akinti argue ?
That media discussions of ethnic minority groups focuses too much on problems that they cause while the positive impact they have is presented much less
96
What did Cumbercatch et al analyse?
That ethnic minorities filled just over 1 in 7 roles however, black Caribbean’s were over represented while south Asians were under represented
97
What did malik find?
African Caribbean’s were more likely to be found in programmes dealing with social issues, music, sport and light entertainment.
98
What did Beattie et al find?
Of the GMG they found that black and Asian people were more likely to appear in supporting roles and temporary guests however, there is a growing representation of ethnic minority presenters and hosts
99
What did Hargrave find?
That ethnic minorities were more bothered about how they were portrayed. Asians criticised negative depictions and simplistic portrayals with a lack of representation of their heritage
100
What did Hargrave find on his study of stereotyping ?
That black people were more than twice as likely as white people to be portrayed on terrestrial tv as criminals
101
What was Hall’s and Watson study on moral panics?
Hall - ‘black mugger’ as a folk devil
Watson - ‘gangsta rap’ to gun crime
102
When did black mugger become a symbol?
Hall et al suggests that it became a symbol to reassert the hegemonic values of the ruling class to distract away from the economic and political crisis
103
Explain Islamophobia and media stereotypes
2005 London bombings has lad to the stereotype of Muslims in 2007 it was found that 91% of articles about Muslims are negative and Warsi found that it had become socially acceptable to be anti-Muslim
104
What did the Glasgow media group find about the representation if countries ?
That British tv focus on the disasters and terrorism without any context
105
What did Cottle the pluralists find?
That media wants us to express ourselves and we will have full acceptance in the media excluding Islamophobia
106
What did neo-Marxist say about stereotyping?
That the negative portrayals are shaped by white-dominated media to reinforce the racist stereotypes
107
What did the IWMFF find?
That UK news companies women were marginalised in the news-rooms and decision-making hierarchies. There was a clear barrier within their career
108
Statistics to show the the under-representation of women in the media
94% are white, 86% university educated, 55% males of British journalists
109
What did Mulvey find?
The male gaze within the media using camera angles to capture women in a sexual way or actual nudity to provide pleasure for men
110
What did the leveson inquiry report of 2012 find about women ?
That tabloid press often failed to show ‘consistent respect for the dignity and equality of women and there are often tendency to sexualise women
111
Explain symbolic annihilation and who found it
Tuchman et al found that the symbolic annihilation of women involved three aspects of trivialisation, omission and condemnation of women in the media
112
Explain the women in journalism report
They found that from data in 2022 men account for 70% of quoted sources and that women are just the subject for new stories
113
Explain the media monitoring project
That 76% of people interested in the news had read or heard about were men and only 26% women. Also found that women are fine viewed as ‘normal’ people whereas, men are found as experts. Women are more likely to be known for their family status
114
What did Cumberbatch et al and Martinson find?
Cumberbatch found that women especially older were under-represented in the media
Martinson found that 82% of over 50s are men
115
What are the 6 stereotypes wolf identifies ?
- the wag
- the sex object
- the supermarket
- the angel
- the ball breaker
- the victim
116
Explain the ‘cult of femininity’
Ferguson that teenage girls magazines traditionally prepare girls for feminised adult roles
117
Transgressive roles
Many feminists and sociologists think that the media representation of women has improved since 1970s-90s when women became more career focused (McRobbie and magazines).
118
Sexually powerful
Gill found that rather than been seen as sexual objects women are more likely to be shown as powerful and using their sexuality to get what they want
119
Independent
A lot of focus on women independence and aspirations such as Taylor swift and Beyoncé showing their independent and control
120
AO3 for the changing representations of women
Knight yes it has shon women can take care of themselves etc however, is still male gaze with conventional attractiveness
121
When are male voices used ?
More likely to be used in ‘voice-overs’ in the tv and radio programmes and advertising, presenting and reinforcing the idea of men as authority figures, opinion formers or experts
122
Explain the hegemonic masculinity
Connell - the idea of being a ‘real man’ and they should aspire to be ‘alpha males’
Gilmore - tough,assertive, dominant and rational make and described as the provider, the protector and the impregnator’
123
Explain crisis of masculinity and toxic masculinity
Crisis of masculinity - where the precise role for men in society is in a crisis. And men do need to do all the work for the families the hegemonic masculinity is replaced with toxic masculinity
124
What are the 6 media portrayals of male characters that fall within a range of stereotypes
Children now
1. The joker
2. The jock
3. The strong silent type
4. The big shot
5. The action hero
6. The buffoon
125
AO3 evaluations of male stereotypes
126
What does Batchelor say?
That in the media, heterosexuality is normal and homosexuality is always exceptional or unusual in some way
127
What does McRobbie argue about the representation of sexuality
That men are beginning to face the same sort of physical scrutiny from both women and other men. A new male stereotype has arisen the ‘metrosexual’ male, heterosexual males who embrace their feminine side
128
Representations of homosexuality
Anna Friel kissed a girl in brookside in 1994, seen as ground-breaking news. However, now we see a lot of guy characters wooing the media
129
What did Gross and Gauntlett find ?
Gross - That the media often symbolically annihilate gay men and lesbians by excluding them
Gauntlett - although things are changing homosexuality is still under represented and negatively portrayed in the media
130
Explain Stonewalls study
GTBQ+ people appeared in less than 5% of the tv shows watched by youths
131
Explain Cowan and Valentine’s study
On the BBC gay people were 5 times more likely t be shown negatively than positively
132
What are the 4 key stereotypes seen by sociologists in the 80 and 90s that remain ?
- campness
- association with HIV/AIDS
- temporary
- sanitisation of gay sexuality - Gill on’t show sexual side to not challenge heterosexual relationships
133
AO3 of changing perceptions of homosexuality
134
What did Shakespeare suggest about disability
Disability should be seen as a social construction - a problem created by the attitudes of society and not by the state of our bodies . That it is defined societal norms that exclude those who don’t fit the ‘normal’
135
How doe the media gaze represent disabilities ?
As most who control the media are white middle-class and able-bodies males they are usually represented as a problem for the individual themselves who have impairments rather than as something society have created
136
What does the broadcasting standards commission, ofcom and Cumberbatch et al say ?
Over three-quarters of the impairments portrayed were related to mobility, sensory, impairments, disfigurement and physical or mental illness
137
How many adults are covered by disability discrimination act ?
Quarter of all adults
138
What percentage of disability people make up television employees
Ofcom found it was 7%
139
What did Sancho find?
That the wheelchair is often used as an ‘icon’ or index of disability by those wishing to represent disability in the media
140
What did Cumberbatch et al find in the content analysis of the tv programmes?
2013-14 found that people portrayed as disabled represented use 2.5%
141
What stereotypes did Cumberbatch and Negrine find as being prominent ?
- objects of pity
- Sinister or evil
- Super -cripples
- Figures of ridicule
- Their own worst enemy
- Burdens
- Non-sexual
- Excluded from daily life
142
What did Philo et al of GMG find?
Negative stereotypes were also applied to people with disabling mental health conditions
143
AO3 evaluation of disability
144
What is media text?
Any media which defines or represents something
145
What are active audiences ?
They see the media as less influential and that it ins’t as homogenous as stated
146
What is the two-step flow model?
Developed by Katz and Lazasfeld still believe that media has strong influence however, people will respond in different ways.
The opinion leaders will select, interpret and filter media texts before reaching mass audiences then pass on the media to others in their social group. These may then be passed on again from one person then to another group
147
AO3 limitations of the two-step flow model?
- probably more than just two-steps to media influences
- suggest people are very vulnerable to influence and manipulation from the opinion leader
- suggests the media is spilt into active viewers and passive viewers
- with the rise of the new media the role of the opinion leader may be less influential
148
What is the cultural effects model - the ‘drip drip’ effect
Neo-Marist highlights ho the media does influence our opinions and reinforces the dominant ideology everyone will consume and react to it in a different way. The model suggests that the media gradually gains the influence through the process of brainwashing
149
Who spoke about encoding and decoding ?
Hall
The idea is the encode is how they wish for it to be interpreted and decode how it actually is
150
Explain Morleys study
He found that people decode or interpret things in three ways:
- a preferred reading (decode)
- a negotiated reading (accept)
- an oppositional reading (oppose)
151
Explain the selective filtering
Interpretivist approach
Klapper suggests that there are three approaches and interpretations that people add to the media
- selective expose
- selective perception
- selective retention
152
What is an example of selective filtering
The way people react to party political election broadcast depending on which political party they support
153
What does Philo of the GMG believe about media interpretation ?
Very critical of encoding and filtering as he finds that yes people can be active and in some cases critical, he stresses the reserach GMG have gone and how much power the media has at forming audiences
154
Explain Philo’s study from 1984
About the miner strikes when tv showed images of miners and pickets in violent clashes with police and they found that people from different class backgrounds and political backgrounds these images were interpreted in same way
155
GMG agenda setting
156
What does the cultural effects model highlight ?
- the dominant class influence media content and promoting share ideologies
- media’s biased portrayal favouring the dominant class
- audiences responses are influence by social circumstances
157
AO3 of the cultural effect model
- assumes personnel such as journalists work within the framework and assumptions of the dominant ideology
- fails to recognise journalists independence
- suggests that the audience can have some control
158
Explain the uses and gratifications model
McQuail and Lull suggest hat people use the media for many different reason such as:
- diversion
- personal relationships
- personal identity
- surveillance
- background wallpaper
159
What did Park et al find?
That online groups were used to starfish multiple needs and that the variety in media provides a range of pleasures which means people make conscious choices on what they watch on TV etc
160
AO3 of uses and gratification
- model over estimates the power of the audiences to influence media content
161
Violence in the media
The growth of the new media has allowed for more violence within the media and now people can interact with the violence through digital technology, they don’t only consume they can take part
162
Moral panics aroun violence in the media
The murder of a 2 year old boy James Bulger by to 10 year old boys. The judge belive that this violence could have come from the games child’s play 3 however, there was no evidence to back this up. However, the boys must have learnt the violence from somewhere online
163
What did Newson and Anderson et al find?
Newson - that the link between video violence and real violence was bigger than smoking and lung cancer
Anderson et al - the media violence increased the likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviour both short and long term
164
What does polysemic mean?
That text can be interpreted differently by different people
165
What are the methodological problems of researching media effects?
- whether it is the media or other factors that cause alleged effects
- impossible to established what people values and beliefs may have been without the media
- we live in a media-saturated society so everyone is exposed in some way
166
What changes the media effects models?
- how passive or active are the audience?
- how powerful the media is in affecting audiences?
167
What is the hypodermic syringe model ?
Sometimes also called the magic bullet theory the idea that the media inject the media text into us as we are passive puppets and unable to resist the messages. Dworkin found that hypodermic syringe model is behind the moral panics
168
Criticisms of the hypodermic syringe model
- the model assumes the entire audience is passive and homogenous
- assumes everyone is gullible and easily manipulated
- assumes the media have massive power and influence
169
AO3 of violence in the media
170
What are the range of different conclusions around violence in the media?
- copycatting imitation
- catharsis
- desensitisation
- sensitisation
- exaggeration of the fear of violence
- media violence causes psychological disturbance in some children
171
What link did livingstone make?
That the researcher must resolve three questions as violent behaviour does not mean media violence causes the behaviour
172
What are the three questions? (Livingstone)
- whether more aggressive people choose to watch violent programmes
- whether violent programmes mark viewers aggressive
- whether certain social circumstances both make people more aggressive and lea them to watch more violent tv
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Who did the Bobo doll experiment?
Bandura et al
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The 5 points of violence in the media
- there is a problem with how ‘media violence’ is defined in the first place
- the hypodermic syringe model of media effect underlines much of the research
- it is almost impossible to avoid Hawthorne effect
- laboratory experiments last for only a short time
- laboratory experiments are necessarily small-scale, using small sample
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What is globalisation?
Increasing interconnectedness in areas such as areas as economics and business, politics, technology and culture
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What do globalists divide the future into?
- hyper globalist - see globalisation as a good thing
- pessimistic globalists - see globalisation as damaging
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What does McLuhan say?
Says that we live in a global village - electronic media such as satellite technology and the internet, collapse space and time barriers from human communication for people from around the world
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Explain popular culture
Popular culture is like by ordinary people such as tv soaps is also sometimes called mass culture which is like by majority of people, these are designed to be sold on the global mass market to make large profits
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What does the term ‘low culture’ means?
It is a derogatory term to describe popular culture. Popular culture is often used as an alternative to low or mass culture guessing is it culture liked and enjoyed by ordinary people
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What is high culture ?
High culture is seen as something set apart from everyday life something special to be treated with respect
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Give an example of high culture
Ballet and art galleries
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The blurring of high culture and popular culture - postmodernist
They argue that the distinction is weakening. The global reach of contemporary media, the mass production of goods on a world scale and easier international transportation make a huge of media and cultural products available to everyone.
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What does Giddings point out about high culture?
High culture is often now used to produce products for the mass popular culture market. Video games for example which are considered to be part of popular culture bring together art and classical music which are classed high culture
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AO3 evaluations of high culture and popular culture ?
Explain Boudieu
Marxism - see mass culture as mass produced manufactured products imposed in the masses by global media businesses for profit. Form of social control.
Strinati - rejects views and suggest that there is no signal mass culture and people art passive
Boudieu - culture capital - taste of the middle class
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What does flew and Keller argue
Flew - the evolution of new media technologies has played an important role in the development of global popular culture
Keller - the media has the power to globally produce images of lifestyle that increasingly become part of everyday life
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Impacts of global popular culture
Globalisation has eroded national and local cultures by promoting uniform cultural and consumer products worldwide. Leads cultural homogenisations where diverse cultures become increasingly simialr
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What does Sklair suggest?
The media is largely American based news that is spread to the global market. The media blurs the difference between information and entertainment. Western companies such as Microsoft and google has dominated the growth
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What does Ritzer show?
Companies sell on a global scale along with the consumer lifestyle
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What does Fenton say about culture and media imperialism ?
Global rarely means universal and normally disguises the domination of western culture over other culture. This is the idea of cocaolonisation which involves cultural imperialism or media imperialism
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What is pluralists view on media and globalisation
That culture globalisation is a force for good , then, here cultural globalisation adds to our cultural options and enriches culture rather than displaces it
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What does Tomlinson argue ?
That globalisation does not involve direct cultural imposition from the western world but that there is hybridisation or mixing culture
