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Med Term PA Flashcards

1
Q

aden/o-

A

gland

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2
Q

arthr/o-

A

joint

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3
Q

bi/o-

A

life

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4
Q

carcin/o-

A

cancerous

cancer

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5
Q

cardi/o-

A

heart

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6
Q

cephal/o-

A

head

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7
Q

cerebr/o-

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

cis/o-

A

to cut

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9
Q

crin/o-

A

to secrete (to form and give off)

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10
Q

cyst/o-

A

urinary bladder

a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)

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11
Q

cyt/o-

A

cell

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12
Q

derm/o-

dermat/o-

A

skin

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13
Q

electr/o-

A

electricity

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14
Q

encephal/o-

A

brain

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15
Q

enter/o-

A

intestines

usually the small intestine

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16
Q

erythr/o-

A

red

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17
Q

gastr/o-

A

stomach

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18
Q

glyc/o-

A

sugar

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19
Q

gnos/o-

A

knowledge

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20
Q

gynec/o-

A

woman

female

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21
Q

hemat/o-

hem/o-

A

blood

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22
Q

hepat/o-

A

liver

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23
Q

iatr/o-

A

treatment

physician

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24
Q

leuk/o-

A

white

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25
Q

log/o-

A

study of

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26
Q

nephr/o-

A

kidney

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27
Q

neur/o-

A

nerve

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28
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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29
Q

ophthalm/o-

A

eye

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30
Q

oste/o-

A

bone

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31
Q

path/o-

A

disease

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32
Q

ped/o-

A

child

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33
Q

psych/o-

A

mind

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34
Q

radi/o-

A

x-rays

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35
Q

ren/o-

A

kidney

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36
Q

rhin/o-

A

nose

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37
Q

sarc/o-

A

flesh

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38
Q

sect/o-

A

to cut

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39
Q

thromb/o-

A

clot

clotting

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40
Q

ur/o-

A

urinary tract
urine
urea

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41
Q

-ac

A

pertaining to

ex: cardiac

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42
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

ex: neural

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43
Q

-algia

A

pain

ex: neuralgia, arthralgia

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44
Q

-cyte

A

cell

ex: erythrocyte

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45
Q

-ectomy

A

excision
removal
ex: nephrectomy

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46
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

ex: leukemia

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47
Q

-genic

A

pertaining to producing
produced by
produced in
ex: carcinogenic, pathogenic, iatrogenic

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48
Q

-globin

A

protein

ex: hemoglobin

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49
Q

-gram

A

record

ex: electroencephalogram

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50
Q
  • ic

- ical

A

pertaining to

ex: gastric, neurologic

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51
Q

-ion

A

process

ex: excision

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52
Q

-ist

A

specialist

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53
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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54
Q

-logy

A

process of study

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55
Q

-oma

A

tumor
mass
swelling

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56
Q

-opsy

A

process of viewing

ex: biopsy

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57
Q

-osis

A

condition
usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells)
ex: nephrosis, leukocytosis

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58
Q

-pathy

A

disease condition

ex: enteropathy, adenopathy

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59
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine

ex: endoscope

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60
Q

-scopy

A

process of visual examination

ex: endoscopy

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61
Q

-sis

A

state of
condition
ex: prognosis

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62
Q

-tomy

A

process of cutting
incision
ex: osteotomy

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63
Q

-y

A

process

condition

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64
Q

a-

an-

A

no
not
without

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65
Q

aut-

auto-

A

self

own

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66
Q

dia-

A

complete

through

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67
Q

endo-

A

in

ewithin

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68
Q

epi-

A

above

upon

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69
Q

ex-

exo-

A

out
outside of
away from

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70
Q

hyper-

A

excessive
above
more than normal

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71
Q

hypo-

A

deficient
below
under
less than normal

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72
Q

in-

A

into

in

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73
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

around

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74
Q

pro-

A

before

forward

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75
Q

re-

A

back
backward
again

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76
Q

retro-

A

behind

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77
Q

sub-

A

below

under

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78
Q

trans-

A

across

through

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79
Q

anabolism

A

ana- up
bol- to cast
-ism process
process of building up large proteins from amino acids

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80
Q

catabolism

A

cata- down
bol- to cast
-ism process
process of breaking down complex nutrients into simple substances and released

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81
Q

cell membrane

A

structure surrounding and protecting the cell

determines what enters and leaves the cell

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82
Q

chromosomes

A 
rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain genes
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm which contain 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes
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83
Q

cytoplasm

A

all material outside the nucleus contained within the cell membrane

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84
Q

DNA

A

chemical found within each chromosome

directs activities of cell

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85
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of canals within cytoplasm of cell

creates large proteins from smaller protein pieces

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86
Q

genes

A

regions of DNA within each chromosome

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87
Q

karyotype

A

picture of chromosomes in nucleus

arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure

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88
Q

metabolism

A 
meta- change
bol- to cast
-sim process of
total chemical processes in cell
includes cata- and anabolism
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89
Q

mitochondria

A

structure in cytoplasm that provide principal source of energy
carries out catabolism

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90
Q

nucleus

A

control center of cell

contains chromosomes and directs activities of cell

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91
Q

digestive organs

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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92
Q

urinary/excretory organs

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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93
Q

respiratory organs

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

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94
Q

reproductive organs

A

female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
male: testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

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95
Q

endocrine organs

A

thyroid, pituitary, sex, adrenal, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

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96
Q

nervous organs

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, nerve collections

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97
Q

circulatory organs

A

heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

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98
Q

musculoskeletal

A

muscles, bones, joints

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99
Q

skin and sense organs

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

eye, ear, nose, tongue

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100
Q

organs in cranial cavity

A

brain, pituitary gland

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101
Q

organs in thoracic cavity

A

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta

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102
Q

cavities making up thoracic cavity and organs in them

A

pleural: surround lungs
mediastinum: heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

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103
Q

organs in abdominal cavity

A

kidneys, stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
diaphragm divides abdominal and thoracic cavities

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104
Q

organs in pelvic cavity

A

portions of small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters
uterus and vagina in female

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105
Q

organs in spinal cavity

A

nerves of spinal cord

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106
Q

peritoneum

A

double-folded membrane surrounding organs in abdominal cavity

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107
Q

retroperitoneal area

A

behind peritoneum

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108
Q

omentum

A

membrane which is part of peritoneum containing fat which hangs over intestines to keep warmth

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109
Q

right hypochondriac region

A

right upper below rib cartilage

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110
Q

left hypochondriac region

A

left upper below rib cartilage

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111
Q

epigastric region

A

region above stomach

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112
Q

right lumbar region

A

right middle region near waist

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113
Q

left lumbar region

A

left middle region near waist

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114
Q

umbilical region

A

region of navel or umbilicus

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115
Q

right inguinal region

A

right lower region near groin

aka right iliac region because near ilium

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116
Q

left inguinal region

A

left lower region near groin

aka left iliac region because near ilium

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117
Q

hypogastric region

A

middle lower region below umbilical region

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118
Q

right upper quadrant

A 
RUQ
contains liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of pancreas and small and large intestines
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119
Q

left upper quadrant

A 
LUQ
contains liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of pancreas and small and large intestines
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120
Q

right lower quadrant

A

RLQ

contains part of small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

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121
Q

left lower quadrant

A

LLQ

contains parts of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

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122
Q

divisions of the back

A 
cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5)
coccygeal (4 fused)
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123
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

front side of the body

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124
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

back side of the body

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125
Q

deep

A

away from the surface

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126
Q

superficial

A

on the surface

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127
Q

proximal

A

near point of attachment to the trunk or near beginning of a structure

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128
Q

distal

A

far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from beginning of a structure

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129
Q

inferior

A

below another structure

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130
Q

caudal

A

away from head or below another structure

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131
Q

superior

A

above another structure

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132
Q

cephalic

A

above another structure

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133
Q

medial

A

middle or nearer medial plane of body

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134
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to side

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135
Q

supine

A

lying on the back

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136
Q

prone

A

lying on the belly

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137
Q

body planes

A

frontal (coronal)
sagittal (lateral)
transverse (axial)

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138
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

vertical plane dividing body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

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139
Q

sagittal (lateral) plane

A

lengthwise vertical plane dividing body or structure into right and left sides

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140
Q

midsagittal plane

A

divides body into right and left halves

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141
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across body parallel to ground

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142
Q

abdomin/o-

A

abdomen

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143
Q

adip/o-

A

fat

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144
Q

anter/o-

A

front

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145
Q

bol/o-

A

to cast (throw)

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146
Q

cervic/o-

A

neck (of the body or uterus)

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147
Q

chondr/o-

A

cartilage

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148
Q

chrom/o-

A

color

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149
Q

coccyg/o-

A

coccyx

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150
Q

crani/o-

A

skull

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151
Q

dist/o-

A

far

distant

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152
Q

dors/o-

A

back portion of body

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153
Q

hist/o-

A

tissue

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154
Q

ili/o-

A

ilium

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155
Q

inguin/o-

A

groin

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156
Q

kary/o-

A

nucleus

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157
Q

later/o-

A

side

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158
Q

lumb/o-

A

lower back (side and back between ribs and pelvis)

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159
Q

medi/o-

A

middle

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160
Q

nucle/o-

A

nucleus

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161
Q

pelv/i-

A

pelvis

hip region

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162
Q

poster/o-

A

back

behind

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163
Q

proxim/o-

A

nearest

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164
Q

sacr/o-

A

sacrum

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165
Q

spin/o-

A

spine

backbone

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166
Q

thel/o-

theli/o-

A

nipple

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167
Q

thorac/o-

A

chest

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168
Q

trache/o-

A

trachea

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169
Q

umbilic/o-

A

navel

umbilicus

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170
Q

ventr/o-

A

belly side of body

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171
Q

vertebr/o-

A

vertebra(e)

backbone(s)

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172
Q

ana-

A

up

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173
Q

cata-

A

down

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174
Q

inter-

A

between

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175
Q

meta-

A

change

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176
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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177
Q

-iac

A

pertaining to

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178
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

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179
Q

-ism

A

process

condition

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180
Q

-ose

A

pertaining to

full of

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181
Q

-plasm

A

formation

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182
Q

-somes

A

bodies

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183
Q

-type

A

picture

classification

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184
Q

acr/o

A

extremities, top, extreme point

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185
Q

acu/o-

A

sharp
severe
sudden

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186
Q

amni/o-

A

amnion

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187
Q

angi/o-

A

vessel

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188
Q

arteri/o-

A

artery

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189
Q

axill/o-

A

armpit

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190
Q

blephar/o-

A

eyelid

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191
Q

bronch/o-

A

bronchial tubes

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192
Q

chem/o-

A

drug, chemical

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193
Q

chron/o-

A

time

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194
Q

col/o-

A

colon (large intestines)

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195
Q

hydr/o-

A

water, fluid

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196
Q

isch/o-

A

to hold back

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197
Q

lapar/o-

A

abdomen

abdominal wall

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198
Q

laryng/o-

A

larynx

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199
Q

lymph/o-

A

lymph

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200
Q

mamm/o-

A

breast

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201
Q

mast/o-

A

breast

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202
Q

morph/o-

A

shape

form

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203
Q

muc/o-

A

mucus

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204
Q

my/o-

A

muscle

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205
Q

myel/o-

A

spinal cord

bone marrow

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206
Q

necr/o-

A

death (of cells or whole body)

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207
Q

neutr/o-

A

neutrophil

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208
Q

ot/o-

A

ear

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209
Q

peritone/o-

A

peritoneum

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210
Q

phag/o-

A

to eat

swallow

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211
Q

phleb/o-

A

vein

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212
Q

plas/o-

A

formation

development

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213
Q

pleur/o-

A

pleura

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214
Q

pneumon/o-

A

lungs

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215
Q

pulmon/o-

A

lungs

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216
Q

rect/o-

A

rectum

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217
Q

staphyl/o-

218
Q

strept/o-

A

twisted chains

219
Q

tonsill/o-

220
Q

ven/o-

221
Q

-cele

222
Q

-centesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid

223
Q
  • coccus

- cocci

A

berry-shaped bacterium

224
Q

-dynia

225
Q

-genesis

A

condition of producing

forming

226
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

227
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

228
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown
destruction
separation

229
Q

-malacia

230
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

231
Q

-phobia

232
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

233
Q

-plasia

A

development
formation
growth

234
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

235
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping
falling
prolapse

236
Q

-schlerosis

237
Q

-stasis

A

controlling

stopping

238
Q

-stomy

A

opening to form a mouth (stoma)

239
Q

-therapy

240
Q

-trophy

A

development

nourishment

241
Q

-er

242
Q

-ia

243
Q

-ist

A

specialist

244
Q

-ole

A

little

small

245
Q
  • um

- ium

A

structure

tissue

246
Q

-us

A

structure

substance

247
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

248
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

249
Q

-oid

A

resembling

derived from

250
Q

-ose

A

pertaining to

full of

251
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

252
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

253
Q

types of blood cells

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes/platelets

254
Q

types of leukocytes

A 
granulocytes
mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes)
255
Q

types of granulocytes

A

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

256
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

257
Q

eosonophils

A

eosin/o- rosy
about 3% of leukocytes
increase in allergic conditions such as asthma

258
Q

basophils

A

bas/o- basic
unclear function
increases in healing phase of inflammation
less than 1% of leukocytes

259
Q

neutrophils

A

important disease-fighting cells
phagocytes that engulf and digest bacteria
about 50-60% of leukocytes
aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes

260
Q

lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies
may attach directly to foreign cells
T and B cells
about 32% of leukocytes

261
Q

monocytes

A

engulfs and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells
leave bloodstream and enter tissue to become macrophages
about 4% of leukocytes

262
Q

thrombocytes/platelets

A

tiny fragments of cells formed in bone marrow

263
Q

acromegaly

A

endocrine disorder
excessive amount of growth hormone from pituitary gland after completion of puberty
often results from benign tumor of pituitary gland
person is normal height but bones and soft tissue in hands, feet, and face grow abnormally

264
Q

splenomegaly

A

develops with hypertension in hepatic veins and hemolytic blood diseases
can be treated with splenectomy

265
Q

splenomegaly

A

develops with hypertension in hepatic veins and hemolytic blood diseases
can be treated with splenectomy

266
Q

laparoscopy

A

form of minimally invasive surgery
visual examination of abdominal cavity
laparoscope inserted through incision near naval then gas (CO2) infused into peritoneal cavity to prevent injury to abdominal structures during surgery

267
Q

tracheotomy

A

incision into trachea to open below a blockage

can be done to remove foreign body or obtain biopsy specimen

268
Q

tracheostomy

A

opening into trachea below larynx where an indwelling tube is inserted to allow air flow into lungs or help remove mucus from bronchial tubes

269
Q

adenoids

A

small masses of lymphatic tissue in part of pharynx near nose and nasal passages
enlargement may cause blockage of airway from nose to pharynx

270
Q

carp/o-

A

wrist bones

271
Q

cib/o-

272
Q

cost/o-

273
Q

cutane/o-

274
Q

dactyl/o-

A

fingers

toes

275
Q

duct/o-

A

to lead

carry

276
Q

flex/o-

277
Q

furc/o-

A

forking

branching

278
Q

gloss/o-

279
Q

immun/o-

A

protection

280
Q

mort/o-

281
Q

nat/i-

282
Q

nect/o-

A

to bind, tie, connect

283
Q

norm/o-

A

rule

order

284
Q

ox/o-

285
Q

pub/o-

A

pubis

anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone

286
Q

seps/o-

287
Q

somn/o-

288
Q

son/o-

289
Q

the/o

A

to put

place

290
Q

thel/o-

theli/o-

291
Q

thyr/o-

A

thyroid gland

292
Q

top/o-

A

place
position
location

293
Q

tox/o-

294
Q

ureth/o-

295
Q

-blast

A

embryonic

immature

296
Q

-crine

A

to secrete

297
Q

-drome

298
Q

-fusion

A

coming together

to pour

299
Q

-gen

A

substance that produces

300
Q

-lapse

A

to slide, fall, sag

301
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown
destruction
separation

302
Q

-meter

A

to measure

303
Q

-mission

304
Q

-or

305
Q

-oxia

306
Q

-partum

A

birth

labor

307
Q

-phoria

A

to bear
carry
feeling

308
Q

-physis

309
Q

-plasia

A

development
formation
growth

310
Q

-plasm

A

structure

formation

311
Q

-pnea

312
Q

-ptosis

A

falling
drooping
prolapse

313
Q

-rrhea

A

flow

discharge

314
Q

-trophy

A

development

nourishment

315
Q

ab-

316
Q

ad-

317
Q

ante-

A

before

forward

318
Q

anti-

319
Q

brady-

320
Q

bi-

321
Q

con-

A

with

together

322
Q

contra-

A

against

opposite

323
Q

de-

A

down

lack of

324
Q

dys-

A

bad
painful
difficult
abnormal

325
Q

ec-

ecto-

A

out

outside

326
Q

eu-

A

good

normal

327
Q

hemi-

328
Q

in-

329
Q

infra-

A

beneath

under

330
Q

intra-

A

in
within
into

331
Q

macro-

332
Q

mal-

333
Q

meta-

A

beyond

change

334
Q

micro-

335
Q

neo-

336
Q

pan-

337
Q

para-

A

abnormal
beside
near

338
Q

per-

339
Q

poly-

340
Q

post-

A

after

behind

341
Q

pre-

A

before

in front of

342
Q

pros-

A

before

forward

343
Q

supra-

A

above

upper

344
Q

syn-

sym-

A

together

with

345
Q

tachy-

346
Q

ultra-

A

beyond

excess

347
Q

uni-

348
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis

A

when antibodies of Rh- mother attacks RBCs of Rh+ baby, embryo attempts to compensate for loss by making many new erythroblasts
mother often develops jaundice

349
Q

causes of congenital anomaly

A

hereditary

environmental

350
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce typical clinical picture of a disease

351
Q

four functions of digestive system

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

352
Q

anatomy of tooth (superficial to deep)

A 
crown
-enamel
-dentin
root
-periodontal membrane
-cementum
-pulp (fills center)
353
Q

locations of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

354
Q

pharynx

A

muscular tube about 5in long

serves as passageway both for air traveling from nasal cavity to trachea and food from oral cavity to esophagus

355
Q

esophagus

A

9-10in muscular tube from pharynx to stomach

356
Q

deglutition

357
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in wall of esophagus and other gastrointestinal organs propelling bolus down toward stomach

358
Q

three main parts of stomach

A

fundus (upper)
body (middle)
antrum (lower)

359
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

moves food from esophagus to stomach

360
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

moves food from stomach to small intestines

361
Q

rugae

A

mucosa membrane folds in stomach

362
Q

pepsin

A

enzymes that digest proteins

363
Q

small intestine

A

extends 20ft from pyloric sphincter
receives food from stomach and bile from liver
lined with villi for absorption

364
Q

three parts of small intestine

A

duodenum (1ft)
jejunum (about 8ft)
ileum (about 11ft)

365
Q

three parts of large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum

366
Q

cecum

A

pouch on right side that connects ileum at ileocecal valve (sphincter)
appendix hangs off this

367
Q

colon

A

ascending: cecum to undersurface of liver then turns left (hepatic flexure)
transverse: horizontal to left toward spleen then turns downward (splenic flexure)
descending
sigmoid

368
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment within bile from breakdown of hemoglobin

369
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

jaundice

retention of bilirubin in bloodstream due to blockage of bile duct or liver damage

370
Q

region of the small intestine that the common bile and pancreatic duct empty into…

371
Q

functions of liver

A 
bile production
regulating glucose levels via glycogenolysis (glycogen into glucose) and gluconeogenesis (fats and proteins into glucose)
manufacturing blood proteins
release bilirubin
remove poisons/toxins from blood
372
Q

functions of pancreas

A

exocrine
produces amylase, lipase, and protease
endocrine
produces insulin

373
Q

amylase

A

enzymes to digest starch

374
Q

lipase

A

enzymes to digest fats

375
Q

protease

A

enzymes to digest proteins

376
Q

pathway of GI tract

A

oral cavity –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> duodenum –> jejunum –> ileum –> cecum –> ascending colon –> transverse colon –> descending colon –> sigmoid colon –> rectum –> anus

377
Q

an/o-

378
Q

append/o-

appendic/o-

379
Q

bucc/o-

380
Q

cec/o-

381
Q

celi/o-

A

belly

abdomen

382
Q

cheil/o-

383
Q

cholecyst/o-

A

gallbladder

384
Q

choledoch/o-

A

common bile duct

385
Q

colon/o-

386
Q

dent/i-

387
Q

duoden/o-

388
Q

esophag/o-

389
Q

faci/o-

390
Q

gingiv/o-

391
Q

ile/o-

392
Q

jejun/o-

393
Q

labi/o-

394
Q

lingu/o-

395
Q

mandibul/o-

A

lower jaw

mandible

396
Q

odont/o-

397
Q

or/o-

398
Q

palat/o-

399
Q

pancreat/o-

400
Q

pharyng/o-

401
Q

proct/o-

A

anus and rectum

402
Q

pylor/o-

A

pyloric sphincter

403
Q

sialaden/o-

A

salivary gland

404
Q

sigmoid/o-

A

sigmoid colon

405
Q

stomat/o-

406
Q

uvul/o-

407
Q

amyl/o-

408
Q

bil/i-

409
Q

bilirubin/o-

410
Q

chol/e-

411
Q

chlorhydr/o-

A

hydrochloric acid

412
Q

gluc/o-

413
Q

glycogen/o-

A

glycogen

animal starch

414
Q

lip/o-

415
Q

lith/o-

416
Q

prote/o-

417
Q

py/o-

418
Q

sial/o-

A

saliva

salivary

419
Q

steat/o-

420
Q

-ase

421
Q

-chezia

A

defecation

elimination of wastes

422
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

423
Q

-prandial

424
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

often a sign of malignancy or liver disease

425
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

loss of appetite associated with emotional problems

426
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen
occurs when fluid passes from bloodstream and collects in peritoneal cavity
sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in abdomen, venous hypertension caused by cirrhosis or heart failure

427
Q

treatment for ascites

A

diuretic drugs and paracentesis

428
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract
sign of hyperactive intestinal peristalsis often in cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhea

429
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

430
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from stomach through mouth

431
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum

432
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools

feces containing digested blood

433
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in feces
frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
improper digestion or absorption of fat leading to fat remaining in intestines

434
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of mouth with small, painful ulcers
often called canker sores
cause unknown

435
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay
dental plaque from accumulation of foods, proteins from saliva, and necrotic debris on tooth enamel. bacteria grow in plaque and produce acid that dissolves tooth enamel

436
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of mouth caused by herpesvirus infection

causes fever blisters or cold sores

437
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on mucosa of mouth

precancerous lesion can result from chronic tobacco use

438
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
gingivitis caused by accumulation of dental plaque and calculus or tartar

439
Q

achalasia

A

-chalasia relaxation

failure of lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax and loss of peristalsis

440
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at lower end of esophagus

result from liver disease causing increase pressure in portal veins

441
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from stomach

can lead to reflux esophagitis

442
Q

reflux esophagitis

A

chronic exposure of esophageal mucosa to gastric acid and pepsin

443
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in lining of stomach or duodenum

caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

444
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near anus

results from fissure absecc in wall of anus or rectum

445
Q

colonic polyps

A

polyps (benign growths) protrude from mucous membrane of colon
pedunculated (attached by stalk) and sessile (sitting directly on mucous membrane)

446
Q

Crohn disease

A

form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
chronic inflammation of intestinal tract
can occur anywhere from mouth to anus but most commonly in ileum and colon

447
Q

diverticulosis

A 
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in intestinal wall of collon
can lead to diverticulitis
448
Q

diverticulitis

A

fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula

449
Q

dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

450
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in rectal region

451
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of intestines

452
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

inflammation of colon and small intestine

453
Q

intussupception

A

telescoping of intestines

one segment of bowel collapses into opening of another segment

454
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in intestines

455
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of colon with presence of ulcers

456
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of intestine on itself

457
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

458
Q

symptoms of cholelithiasis

A

biliary colic: pain from blocked ducts

cholcystitis: inflammation and infection of gallbladder

459
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic denegerative disease of liver
commonly result of chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, or other causes
lobes become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, and liver is infiltrated with fat

460
Q
  • ectasis

- ectasia

A

dilation (dilatation)

widening

461
Q

-emesis

462
Q

-pepsia

463
Q

-phagia

A

eating

swallowing

464
Q

-ptysis

465
Q
  • rrhage

- rrhagia

A

bursting forth (of blood)

466
Q

-rrhaphy

467
Q

-rrhea

A

flow

discharge

468
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary contraction of muscles

469
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

tightening

470
Q

-tresia

471
Q

lab tests

A

amylase and lipase test
liver function tests (LFTs)
stool culture
stool guaiac/Hemoccult test

472
Q

amylase and lipase tests

A

tests for levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in blood

increased levels associated with pancreatitis

473
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

tests for presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood

474
Q

LFT: alanine transaminase (ALT) and asparate transaminase (AST)

A

elevated in patients with liver disease

475
Q

LFT: alkaline phosphatase (alk phos)

A

elevated in patients with liver, bone, and other disease

476
Q

LFT: serum bilirubin

A

elevated in patients with liver disease and jaundice

477
Q

LFT: direct bilirubin test

A

measures conjugated bilirubin

elevated in patients with liver disease or biliary obstruction

478
Q

LFT: indirect bilirubin test

A

measures unconjugated bilirubin

elevated in patients with excessive hemolysis and/or newborns

479
Q

stool culture

A

test for microorganisms present in feces

480
Q

stool guaiac or Hemoccult test

A

test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces

481
Q

x-ray tests

A

lower GI series (barium enema)
upper GI series
cholangiography
CT

482
Q

lower GI series

A

x-rays of colon and rectum obtained after rectal injection of barium

483
Q

upper GI series

A

x-rays of esophagus, stomach, and small intestines obtained after oral ingestion of barium

484
Q

cholangiography

A

x-ray of biliary system obtained after contrast injection into bile duct

485
Q

CT

A

series of x-rays taken in multiple views (especially cross section)

486
Q

ultrasound examinations

A 
abdominal ultrasonography
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
487
Q

abdominal ultrasonography

A

ultrasound to image abdominal viscera

488
Q

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

A

endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine organ GI tract

inserted through mouth or rectum

489
Q

HIDA scan

A

Hepatobiliary IminoDiacetic Acid

radioactive imaging procedure that tracks production and flow of bile from liver and gallbladder to intestines

490
Q

gastric bypass or bariatric surgery

A

reducing size of stomach and diverting food to jejunum

491
Q

GI endoscopy

A

visual examination of GI tract using endoscope

492
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual (endoscopic) examination of abdomen with laparoscope inserted through small incisions in abdomen

493
Q

nasgastric intubation

A

insertion of tube through nose into stomach to remove fluid postop and obtain gastric or intestinal contents for analysis

494
Q

kidney anatomy

A

cortex
medulla
hilum

495
Q

functions of kidney

A

remove nitrogenous waste: urea, creatinine, uric acid
balance water and electrolytes: Na, K
release hormones: renin, erythropoietin, calciferol

496
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates rbc production in bone marrow

497
Q

trigone

A

triangular area in urinary bladder

498
Q

cali/o-

calic/o-

A

calyx (calix)

cup-shaped

499
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

500
Q

meat/o-

501
Q

pyel/o-

A

renal pelvis

502
Q

trigon/o-

A

trigone (region of bladder)

503
Q

ureter/o-

504
Q

urethr/o-

505
Q

vesic/o-

A

urinary bladder

506
Q

albumin/o-

507
Q

azot/o-

508
Q

bacteri/o-

509
Q

dips/o-

510
Q

kal/o-

511
Q

ket/o-

keton/o-

A

ketone bodies

512
Q

natr/o-

513
Q

noct/o-

514
Q

olig/o-

515
Q

-poietin

A

substance that forms

516
Q

-tripsy

517
Q

urin/o-

518
Q

-uria

A

urination

urine condition

519
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli within kidney
follows strep infection
results in leaky glomeruli, hematuria, rbc casts, albuminuria, renal failure, and uremia

520
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of connective tissue between renal tubules

521
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

522
Q

nephrotic nydrome (nephrosis

A

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

523
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

524
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma lining

525
Q

Wilms tumor

A

malignant tumor of kidney occurring in childhood

526
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

ADH not secreted or insensitivity of kidney to ADH

527
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

insulin not secreted adequately or tissues resistant to effects

528
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test

A

measurement of urea levels in blood

529
Q

creatinine clearance

A

measurement of creatinine clearance rate from blood by kidney
high level of creatinine indicates decreased kidney function

530
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

clearance of creatinine by kidneys

normal: 90-120mL/min

531
Q

CT urography

A

xray images using CT showing multiple cross-sectional and other views of kidney

532
Q

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

A

xray w/o contrast of kidneys, ureters, and bladder

533
Q

renal angiography

A

xray w/ contrast of blood vessels of kidney

534
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

xray of renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through urinary catheter into ureters from bladder
useful for locating urinary stones and obstructions

535
Q

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A

xray w/ contrast of urinary bladder and urethra obtained while urination

536
Q

cystoscopy

A

direct visualization of urethra and urinary bladder with endoscope

537
Q

hemodialysis (HD)

A

artificial kidney machine used to filter patient’s blood via artificial porous membrane

538
Q

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

A

uses catheter to introduce fluid into peritoneal cavity which collects waste materials from bloodstream and then removed by catheter

539
Q

lithotripsy

A

crushing urinary tract stones using shock waves extracorporeal

540
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual cycle

Biology (4 decks)

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